Review: The softness of hygiene tissue

Pawlak, Joel J.; Frazier, Ryen; Vera, Ramon E.; Wang, Yuhan; Gonzalez, Ronalds

doi:10.15376/biores.17.2.pawlak

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Accordingly, the reduction in softness can be explained by the densification of the fibrous assembly, which causes an increase in the structure’s flexural rigidity (Figure e). A higher flexural rigidity, which translates into a higher intensity of vibrations and thus a higher TS7 peak, is associated with a greater resistance of the tissue sheet to be crumpled by the hand, a feature related to a lower perceived softness. − …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing Alternative, High-Absorbency Brown Fibers: Tissue Paper from Upcycled Corrugated Packaging Waste to Meet New Consumer Trends

Zambrano

Márquez

Vera

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Consumers' rising interest in brown tissue papers, perceived as sustainable, has increased the market share and selling prices of such products despite their limited performance. Meanwhile, the current excess of packaging waste in the US has created an opportunity for using old corrugated containerboard (OCC) as an alternative source of brown pulp, despite its inferior tissue-making characteristics relative to bleached fibers. Strength, water absorption capacity, and absorption rate are among the crucial properties of absorbent tissue products. Herein, we studied the feasibility of total chlorine-free treatments, namely, oxygen delignification, alkaline hydrogen peroxide, and ozonation, to improve the tissue-making quality of OCC pulp. The processes evaluated reduced the lignin content (kappa number from 89 to values as low as 55) and generated brightness gains as high as 8.8% ISO units. The strength of the sheets also improved due to the delignification and increase in fiber swelling. Chemically treated OCC resulted in sheets with higher water absorption capacity and absorption rate and fiber slurries with higher freeness compared to sheets and slurries from mechanically refined OCC. Therefore, we demonstrate the application of treatments with low environmental impact to upcycle OCC into a high-quality brown pulp suitable for manufacturing high-performance tissue paper.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing Alternative, High-Absorbency Brown Fibers: Tissue Paper from Upcycled Corrugated Packaging Waste to Meet New Consumer Trends

Zambrano

Márquez

Vera

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

Self Cite

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“…Note that for Equation ( 14) the repeated indices do not mean the usual summation rule used in the indicial notation. Finally, the parameter K 12 is obtained using Equation (15).…”

Section: Finite Element Methods (Fem)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, all agree on the inverse and relatively linear relationship of the tensile strength of tissue paper with both mechanical and human panel softness [2,14]. Softness is also dependent on the embossing technology and patterns used to engrave the base tissue paper [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Embossing Pressure Effect on Mechanical and Softness Properties of Industrial Base Tissue Papers with Finite Element Method Validation

et al. 2022

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Embossing is a converting process in which the surface of a tissue paper sheet is changed under high pressure, allowing different functions. In this work, the authors intend to study how the embossing pressure affects the main properties of tissue paper, using a laboratory embossing system. An optimum pressure was achieved at 2.8 bar to this embossing laboratory set-up. The effect of pressure when densifying the paper sheet gives it a gain in mechanical strength but no differences in terms of liquid absorbency. The two embossing patterns present different behaviors but both evidence losses in mechanical and softness properties. On the other hand, the finite element method (FEM) does not show clear evidence of how the pressure affects the paper strength. For the deco die, it is possible to observe that the amount of yielding is slightly higher for lower pressure (2.4 bar), but this plasticity state parameter is very similar for 2.8 bar and 3.2 bar. For the micro die, FEM simulations of the manufacturing pressure do not show a considerable impact on the amount of plasticity state of the material; only for 3.2 bar, it shows a change in the pattern of the plasticity state of the paper during the embossing processes. In the end, to achieve a final product with excellent quality, it is important to make a compromise between the various properties.

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“…A low basis weight combined with a high required bulk results in a very open network structure, not comparable to writing or packaging paper, where strength and optical properties are of predominant interest. Softness, water absorbency and wet strength are key properties for tissue which, among other things, strongly depend on fibre network properties such as porosity (Kullander et al 2012;de Assis et al 2018;Pawlak et al 2022). Thus a better understanding of the intrinsic properties of tissue paper networks would be beneficial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this work we have investigated the bulk structure of TAD tissue using different measurement methods and evaluated intrinsic bulk parameters such as thickness and porosity. Prior to bulk measurement we determined the apparent lateral structure size of the fabric patterns with an areal surface measurement system based on focus variation (Reitbauer et al 2021). We analyzed the tissue samples using a destructive 2D method (microtome) and a noninvasive 3D measurement ( -CT).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bulk characterization of highly structured tissue paper based on 2D and 3D evaluation methods

Reitbauer,

Machado Charry,

Eckhart

et al. 2023

Cellulose

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The structure of the fibre network in tissue paper can be complex and difficult to analyze, due to the presence of superimposed structures such as creping and patterns that occur, for example, in through-air-dried (TAD) tissue. Properties like high absorbency, a pleasant handfeel, and strength-related characteristics are closely related to the fibre network structure. Therefore, in addition to standard tissue testing methods, techniques that provide insights into the intrinsic properties of the tissue fibre network are essential for a deeper understanding and potential for further optimization. In this study, we utilized 2D cross-sectional images and 3D X-ray microtomography ($$\mu$$ μ -CT) to evaluate and quantify the intrinsic properties of highly structured TAD tissue. We compared the results obtained from these two methods, focusing on intrinsic thickness, porosity, and the fibre volume to fibre surface area (Fv/Fs) ratio. The open structure of the fibre network, fabric patterns, creping, and protruding fibres make it challenging to define bulk boundaries. Therefore, we examined the effect of different bulk expansion diameters on intrinsic properties. This procedure allows to quantify the effects of under- and overestimation of bulk boundaries, and to determine which regions within the fibre network are affected by bulk expansion. In terms of intrinsic thickness, both 2D and 3D evaluations show similar trends, which facilitates direct comparison of 2D and 3D data. Porosity, on the other hand, does not show any correlation between 2D and 3D-based data. Together with the Fv/Fs parameter, this leads to the conclusion that the depiction of 2D data does not represent the whole fibrous material but predominantly fibres perpendicular or close to perpendicular to the cut plane, whereas 3D data represents all fibres, fibre bonds and network connectivity. This work aims at presenting modern approaches and novel procedures to quantify intrinsic properties of open fibre structures such as tissue, but could also be applied to fibrous networks in general. The introduced methods could provide the basis for future research on the interrelations between intrinsic properties and key tissue properties such as absorbency and handfeel.

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Review: The softness of hygiene tissue

Cited by 20 publications

References 67 publications

Developing Alternative, High-Absorbency Brown Fibers: Tissue Paper from Upcycled Corrugated Packaging Waste to Meet New Consumer Trends

Developing Alternative, High-Absorbency Brown Fibers: Tissue Paper from Upcycled Corrugated Packaging Waste to Meet New Consumer Trends

Embossing Pressure Effect on Mechanical and Softness Properties of Industrial Base Tissue Papers with Finite Element Method Validation

Bulk characterization of highly structured tissue paper based on 2D and 3D evaluation methods

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