Embossing is a converting process in which the surface of a tissue paper sheet is changed under high pressure, allowing different functions. In this work, the authors intend to study how the embossing pressure affects the main properties of tissue paper, using a laboratory embossing system. An optimum pressure was achieved at 2.8 bar to this embossing laboratory set-up. The effect of pressure when densifying the paper sheet gives it a gain in mechanical strength but no differences in terms of liquid absorbency. The two embossing patterns present different behaviors but both evidence losses in mechanical and softness properties. On the other hand, the finite element method (FEM) does not show clear evidence of how the pressure affects the paper strength. For the deco die, it is possible to observe that the amount of yielding is slightly higher for lower pressure (2.4 bar), but this plasticity state parameter is very similar for 2.8 bar and 3.2 bar. For the micro die, FEM simulations of the manufacturing pressure do not show a considerable impact on the amount of plasticity state of the material; only for 3.2 bar, it shows a change in the pattern of the plasticity state of the paper during the embossing processes. In the end, to achieve a final product with excellent quality, it is important to make a compromise between the various properties.

Triangulation systems [1][2][3][4][5] are very common and are useful for finding three-dimensional range data due to their precision and robustness. For this reason they have a large number of applications in science and engineering.In this paper we present and fully describe an experimental system, based on optical triangulation, which has already been used in previous works for fabric quality control in the textile industry, namely for the objective quantification of pilling formation [6-8].The experimental system enables the topographic reconstruction of textile fabric surfaces, and consequently makes possible the optical estimation of the pilling formation [9, 10], which is a surface change caused by abrasion that affects more perceptibly the fabrics appearance [11,12].Currently, the textile industry uses a subjective method to evaluate pilling formation [9, 10]; however, many different objective methodologies are available to objectively quantify pilling formation [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. 1In particular, the previous work performed by our team [6] concerned the analysis of different fabric samples with the implemented system. Several pilling coefficients were then calculated and compared to each other in order to find the one that better follows the subjective method currently in use in the textile industry for pilling evaluation [9,10]. The results indicated that the total volume of pilling was the coefficient that better describes the subjective evaluation. Consequently, the importance of analyzing the fabric samples in three dimensions becomes clear, since the volume of pilling must be measured along the x, y, and z directions. Therefore, the development and implementation of a system, based on optical triangulation, seemed to be the best choice to fit and accomplish the proposed objectives.Abstract In this paper we present and fully describe an experimental system, based on optical triangulation, for fabric quality control purposes in the textile industry, namely for the objective quantification of pilling formation. The chosen settings, together with the criteria used for each parameter of the system, are boarded and were fixed in order to optimize the performance of the implemented dual-scanning system. Four different experiments were carried out to test and characterize the implemented system. Regarding the application of this system, the experimental results obtained for the optical estimation of the pilling formation, on a set of five different fabrics, have been shown to be in agreement with the subjective grade classification, meaning that the implemented dual-scanning system can be used to objectively quantify this parameter.

Research on paper surface modification, paper properties, paper–ink interactions, and their influence on inkjet print quality are currently subjects of great interest. In this study, dynamic interactions between aqueous pigment black ink and modified paper and their effect on print quality are discussed. Formulations of starch and blends of starch and poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride or polyoxyethylene (100) stearyl ether were used on base paper. Modified papers were printed on two printers. The paper performance is discussed in terms of surface energy, dispersive and polar components, and air permeability given the ink spreading and absorption. Results showed that paper modified with a blend of starch and poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride improves inkjet print quality. This modified paper showed higher black print density and lower line width, raggedness, intercolor bleed, and dot gain because of the spreading–absorption balance arising from the low surface energy and polar component.

This paper addresses a comparison between three different approaches used to evaluate a set of different textile fabric samples in terms of pilling formation. Originally, the set was subjectively evaluated by a panel of experts, being that, our reference evaluation. Then, the same set of fabrics was analysed by a dual-scanning optical system which has been implemented by our team to reconstruct 3D images of the topography of the fabrics. With the obtained range data, an objective evaluation of the pilling formation was carried out based on the total pilling volume and the results showed to be in agreement with the original subjective evaluation. In this paper, our purpose is to establish a correspondence model in order to automatically attribute the equivalent pilling grade. Furthermore, the same set of fabrics was then subjectively reevaluated by different observers for comparison with the reference evaluation, and the results obtained by the correspondence model.

h i g h l i g h t s < The paper surface modification with surfactants and a cationic polymer was achieved. < Paper modification with poly(diallyldimethylammonium) improved inkjet print quality. < FTIR is of most helpful to access the functional groups of inkjet dyes and pigments. < Sulphonate-containing dyes were better fixed on a polar surface with cationic groups. < Low paper surface energy helped the inkjet pigments fixation at the paper surface.