No abstract

Triangulation systems [1][2][3][4][5] are very common and are useful for finding three-dimensional range data due to their precision and robustness. For this reason they have a large number of applications in science and engineering.In this paper we present and fully describe an experimental system, based on optical triangulation, which has already been used in previous works for fabric quality control in the textile industry, namely for the objective quantification of pilling formation [6-8].The experimental system enables the topographic reconstruction of textile fabric surfaces, and consequently makes possible the optical estimation of the pilling formation [9, 10], which is a surface change caused by abrasion that affects more perceptibly the fabrics appearance [11,12].Currently, the textile industry uses a subjective method to evaluate pilling formation [9, 10]; however, many different objective methodologies are available to objectively quantify pilling formation [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. 1In particular, the previous work performed by our team [6] concerned the analysis of different fabric samples with the implemented system. Several pilling coefficients were then calculated and compared to each other in order to find the one that better follows the subjective method currently in use in the textile industry for pilling evaluation [9,10]. The results indicated that the total volume of pilling was the coefficient that better describes the subjective evaluation. Consequently, the importance of analyzing the fabric samples in three dimensions becomes clear, since the volume of pilling must be measured along the x, y, and z directions. Therefore, the development and implementation of a system, based on optical triangulation, seemed to be the best choice to fit and accomplish the proposed objectives.Abstract In this paper we present and fully describe an experimental system, based on optical triangulation, for fabric quality control purposes in the textile industry, namely for the objective quantification of pilling formation. The chosen settings, together with the criteria used for each parameter of the system, are boarded and were fixed in order to optimize the performance of the implemented dual-scanning system. Four different experiments were carried out to test and characterize the implemented system. Regarding the application of this system, the experimental results obtained for the optical estimation of the pilling formation, on a set of five different fabrics, have been shown to be in agreement with the subjective grade classification, meaning that the implemented dual-scanning system can be used to objectively quantify this parameter.

This paper discusses the systematic analysis of the results of calcination as a function of size fraction performed on a sample of Brazilian silicate-carbonate manganese ore tailing at 800°C. The raw materials and the corresponding calcination products were analysed using several analytical techniques, including determination of density, specific surface area and porosity, chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction. The morphology and chemical composition of the calcination products were analysed by using scanning electronic microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM/EDS). Results indicate that the manganese ore tailing consists of silicates, namely, spessartine (Mn 3 Al 2 (SiO 4) 3), tephroite (Mn 2 (SiO 4)) and rhodonite ((Mn,Fe,Mg,Ca) 5 (SiO 3) 5) and rhodochrosite (MnCO 3). The loss of CO 2 and OH during the thermal decomposition of the carbonate (rhodochrosite and dolomite) and hydrated minerals (kaolinite, muscovite and antigorite) in air atmosphere at 800°C resulted in: (1) decrease of the specific surface area and porosity, (2) increase in the density and Mn grade from 27.6% to 32.2% and (3) increase in SiO 2 grade from 26.7% to 30.1%. These results indicate that this material is within the chemical specifications of Fe-Si-Mn alloy.

The contamination of aquatic environments by toxic metals such as radionuclides is of great concern because of the tendency of those metals to accumulate in the vital organs of humans and animals, causing severe health problems. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of natural and modified magadiite clay as an adsorbent to remove Th(IV), U(VI), and Eu(III) from aqueous solutions. Magadiite from the Amazon region, Brazil, was modified chemically with 5-mercapto-1-methyltetrazole (MTTZ) using a multi-step or heterogeneous synthesis pathway. The natural and modified materials were characterized using 29Si and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen gas adsorption, and elemental analysis. The physical-chemical properties of the chemically modified magadiite sample were modified, e.g. the specific surface area changed from 35.0 to 678.9 m2 g−1. The ability of the magadiite to remove Th(IV), U(VI), and Eu(III) from aqueous solution was then tested by a series of adsorption isotherms adjusted to a Sips equation. The effects of properties such as pH, contact time, and metal concentration on the adsorption capacity were studied. The adsorption maxima were determined to be 7.5 × 10−3, 9.8 × 10−3, and 12.9 × 10−3 mmol g−1 for Th(IV), U(VI), and Eu(III), respectively. From calorimetric determinations, the quantitative thermal effects for all these cations/basic center interactions gave exothermic enthalpy, negative Gibbs free energy, and positive entropy, confirming the energetically favorable conditions of such interactions at the solid/liquid interface for all systems.

Many paper mills use ultrasonic techniques to measure the Tensile Stiffness Index, TSI, of the paper sheet. They then assume that the TSI value is the same as the fibre orientation anisotropy. This is true if the paper is allowed to dry without any internal tension or elongation, but does not apply to paper manufactured in a paper machine. The paper machine introduces tension and elongation as soon as the fibre is placed on the forming fabric. These factors increase through the press section and are accentuated in the drying section. In order to uniquely measure the fibre orientation anisotropy on the surfaces, the proposed method uses replicas of both paper surfaces to produce a laser diffraction pattern. The obtained pattern reveals an elliptical shape, which is related to the fibre orientation anisotropy of the paper surface. By measuring the ellipticity of the diffraction pattern and the deviation with respect to the machine direction, one can quantify the fibre orientation distribution. Different papers from the bench market have been successfully tested with the developed system. This article describes the new developed optical system and its innovative capabilities in the field to produce maps of the fibre orientation of a complete paper sheet surface. A selection of the obtained results to prove its feasibility is also presented.