Review: Urea Feeding to Dairy Cattle: A Historical Perspective and Review

Kertz, A.F.

doi:10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30593-3

Cited by 84 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…These results agreed with those obtained by Tye (2016) who found that supplementation of slow release urea did not affect intakes of DM and nutrients. It is well known that, urea can be fed to lactating dairy cows up to a concentration of 1.0% of the total ration without negative effects on DMI (Kertz, 2010). …”

Section: Average Daily Feed Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Using Slow-Release Urea on Milk Production and its Composition of Lactating Dairy Cows

2017

Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Sciences

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TWELVE lactating Holstein cows with live body weight from 550 to 680 kg averaging 600 ± 15 kg and at 1-4 of lactation seasons were used in Latin square design (3x3) with three treatments and three successive experimental periods. Cows in G1 were fed the basal ration consisted of (on DM basis) 57.7% concentrate feed mixture (CFM) + 24.7% corn silage (CS) + 17.6% alfalfa hay (AH) without supplementation and served as a control. While, in G2 and G3, 1 and 0.5 kg soybean meal was replaced by 125 and 62.5 g Optigen™ plus 2.710 and 1.355 kg corn silage/ head/ day, respectively. Results showed that the contents of DM, OM, CP, NFC and NFE in experimental rations tended to decrease, however, the contents of CF, NDF, ADF and ash tended to increase with increasing the level of Optigen supplementation. The digestibility coefficients of all nutrients and nutritive values were not significantly affected by Optigen supplementation. Average daily intake of total DM, TDN, CP, DCP, DE, ME and NEL were nearly similar for the different experimental rations. Moreover, average daily yield of actual milk and 4% FCM, milk composition, the concentrations of urea and urea-N in milk, the concentrations of urea-N and total protein in blood plasma, feed conversion ratio, daily feed cost, feed cost /kg milk and economic efficiency were not affected significantly (P>0.05) by Optigen supplementation. It could be concluded that optigen supplementation for lactating Holstein cows did not showed any significant effects on feed intake, digestibility, milk yield and composition along with feed conversion ratio and economic efficiency.

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Section: Average Daily Feed Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Using Slow-Release Urea on Milk Production and its Composition of Lactating Dairy Cows

2017

Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Sciences

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“…Laporan hasil penelitian oleh Polan et al (1976) dan Kertz (2010) menunjukkan adanya penurunan dry matter intake (DMI) secara langsung pada sapi yang diberi tambahan urea. Lebih lanjut Broderick et al (1993) dalam penelitiannya menemukan terjadinya penurunan DMI pada sapi dengan pakan basal alfalfa dan silase jagung yang diberi urea 1,63%.…”

Section: Peran Urea Dalam Pening-katan Nilai Nutrisiunclassified

“…Sharma et al (2017) dalam studi kasusnya juga menggunakan asam asetat per oral sebagai antidota keracunan urea pada kerbau. Namun demikian, menurut Kertz (2010), pengobatan menggunakan asam asetat dengan konsentrasi lebih dari 10% tidak dianjurkan karena akan menimbulkan iritasi pada esofagus. Lebih lanjut, terapi cairan juga diberikan untuk mengencerkan toksin yang berada dalam sirkulasi darah.…”

Section: Gejala Dan Terapi Keracunan Ureaunclassified

“…Namun, pada perkembangannya, urea juga digunakan pada bidang peternakan sebagai bahan pakan tambahan (EFSA, 2012). Urea telah digunakan sebagai bahan pakan tambahan pada ruminansia selama lebih dari 100 tahun (Kertz, 2010). Alasan digunakannya urea dalam ransum ternak ruminansia karena mudah diperoleh dengan harga yang murah McPherson and Witt (1968;Stanton and Whittier (1998); Xin et al (2010), namun demikian, penambahan urea dalam pakan yang dilakukan dengan tidak berhati hati dapat menimbulkan dampak negatif seperti turunnya palatabilitas pakan, terganggunya proses fermentasi dalam rumen Rush et al (1976) dan keracunan (Edjtehadi et al, 1978;Broderick et al, 1993;Sharma et al, 2017).…”

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Urea : Manfaat Pada Ruminansia

Yanuartono¹,

Nururrozi²,

Indarjulianto³

et al. 2018

JIIP

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ABSTRAK:Masalah pemberian pakan pada ruminansia telah mendapat banyak perhatian di daerah tropis. Sebagian besar ruminansia mendapatkan pakan jerami berkualitas rendah, limbah tanaman pertanian dan industri. Saat ini urea telah banyak tersedia dan digunakan sebagai sumber amonia untuk memperbaiki nilai nutrisi dari berbagai macam hijauan serta limbah tanaman. Lebih lanjut, penambahan urea sebagai suplemen relatif mudah penanganannya untuk diaplikasikan, murah dan bermanfaat sebagai pengganti protein alami dalam ransum. Meskipun penggunaan urea sebagai suplemen pakan memiliki potensi keuntungan ekonomi sebagai sumber N, namun memiliki kelemahan dan keterbatasan pada penggunaannya. Pemberian urea yang berlebihan, pencampuran dalam pakan yang tidak merata atau kesalahan dalam penghitungan jumlah urea ke dalam ransum akan akan dapat mengakibatkan keracunan pada ternak. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk meringkas manfaat dan kemungkinan efek negatif penggunaan urea sebagai suplemen pakan ruminansia. Kata kunci: ruminansia, jerami, urea, suplemen, keracunanABSTRACT: The problems of ruminant feeding have received considerable attention in the tropics. Most ruminants are fed on low-quality roughages, agricultural crop-residues and industrial byproducts. Urea is widely available and has been used as a source of ammoniation to improve the feeding value of various grasses and crop residues. Furthermore, urea treatment as a supplement is relatively easy to apply, handling, inexpensive and valuable substitute for natural proteins in the ration. Although the use of urea has potential economic advantages for N sources, there are limitations and disadvantages to its use. Excess level of urea may a problem of urea toxicity, due to poor mixing of feed or to errors in calculating the amount of urea to add to the ration. This paper aims to summarize the benefits and possible negative effects of urea use as supplement to ruminants feed.

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“…A universal constant of 5 mg dL -1 for NH3-N (Satter and Slyter, 1974) determined in vitro is widely accepted as the minimum concentration at which maximum microbial growth and activity would take place. However optimal concentrations of 17 to 25 mg dL -1 for several in vivo and in situ studies were suggested as reviewed by Kertz (2010). The average NH3-N was over 5 mg dL -1 most of time for both diets with OD much closer to the highest suggested levels.…”

Section: Blood Profile and Rumen Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance and ultrasound measurements of beef cattle fed diets based on whole corn or oats grains

Arelovich

Bravo

Martínez

et al. 2013

Chilean J. Agric. Res.

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This study intended to contrast dietary effects of whole grain oats versus corn included in rations with moderate roughage content on animal performance, beef ultrasound measurements, rumen and blood parameters. Ten Aberdeen Angus steers (203 kg) in individual pens were fed twice daily on either whole oats (OD) or corn (CD) based diets. Measurements were: DM intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), feed to gain ratio (F/G); back fat (BF) and rib eye area (RA); blood parameters. Four cannulated steers were used to study rumen pH, NH3-N and grain degradability. Rations dietary components were 55% grain, 30.1% barley straw, and 10.6% whole soybeans. Despite calculated higher ME supply (P = 0.0887) no differences were found for DMI, ADG, or F/G. Metabolizable protein intake (19.4%) was larger and degradable protein intake (43.3%) smaller for CD compared with OD (P < 0.01). The growth rate (cm 2 d -1) for RA was 40% grater for OD, but larger BF deposition (P = 0.0787) was found for CD. Blood Mg was higher for OD (p = 0.0564), nevertheless other blood parameters remained unaffected. Rumen pH and NH3-N were not influenced by diet, variations were only observed within time periods. Rumen pH decreased linearly from 7.05 to 6.13 and 7.11 to 6.37 for OD and CD respectively (P < 0.05). Minimum NH3-N concentrations (mg dL -1 ) were reached 12 and 18 h after morning meal for OD (7.10) and CD (5.82) respectively. Rumen degradation was larger for oats than corn. Whole oats rather than corn fed up to 55% of total DM seems to improve protein deposition, without significant changes in animal performance, rumen environment or blood parameters.

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Review: Urea Feeding to Dairy Cattle: A Historical Perspective and Review

Cited by 84 publications

References 52 publications

Effect of Using Slow-Release Urea on Milk Production and its Composition of Lactating Dairy Cows

Effect of Using Slow-Release Urea on Milk Production and its Composition of Lactating Dairy Cows

Urea : Manfaat Pada Ruminansia

Performance and ultrasound measurements of beef cattle fed diets based on whole corn or oats grains

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