Reviewing the role of cardiac exosomes in myocardial repair at a glance

Abstract

Exosome‐based therapy is an emerging novel approach for myocardial infarction (MI) treatment. Exosomes are identified as extracellular vesicles that are produced within multivesicular bodies in the cells' cytosols and then are secreted from the cells. Exosomes are 30–100 nm in diameter that are released from viable cells and are different from other secreted vesicles such as apoptotic bodies and microvesicles in their origin and contents such as RNAs, proteins, and nucleic acid. The recent advances in exosome research have demonstrated the role of these bionanovesicles in the physiological, pathological, and molecular aspects of the heart. The results of in vitro and preclinical models have shown that exosomes from different cardiac cells can improve cardiac function following MI. For example, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) containing exosomes can affect the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. Moreover, MSCs‐ and CPCs‐derived exosomes can enhance the migration of endothelial cells. Exosome‐based therapy approaches augment the cardiac function by multiple means, such as reducing fibrosis, stimulation of vascular angiogenesis, and proliferation of cardiomyocytes that result in replacing damaged heart tissue with newly generated functional myocytes. This review article aims to briefly discuss the recent advancements in the role of secreted exosomes in myocardial repair by focusing on cardiac cells‐derived exosomes.

Functional Extracellular Vesicles for Regenerative Medicine

“…[55] CPCs and CDCs have also been investigated as sources of EVs especially in developing cardiac disease-targeting strategies. [56] [49] AD, alzheimer disease; AD-MSC, adipose-derived MSC; BM-MSC, bone marrow-derived MSC; CIA, collagen-induced arthritis; COL10A1, collagen type X alpha 1 chain; CPC, cardiac progenitor cell; hAD-MSC, human adipose-derived MSC; HD, huntington disease; HuR, human antigen R; IL, interleukin; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion; LOX1, lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVVd, left ventricular volumes in diastole; LVVs, left ventricular volumes in systole; Nox2, NADPH oxidase 2; mBM-MSC, mouse BM-MSC; MCAO/R, middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion; MI, myocardial infarction; MMP13, matrix metallopeptidase 13; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; OA, osteoarthritis; OGD, oxygen-glucose deprivation; p-ERK2, proline-rich extension-like receptor protein kinase 2; PIK3R2, phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; rAD-MSC, rat AD-MSC; rBM-MSC, rat BM-MSC; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2; SCI, spinal cord injury; SERPINH1, serpin family H member 1; SLO, pore-forming protein; Sox2, SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2; SPRED1, sprouty related EVH1 domain 1; STZ, streptozotocin; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; WNT5A, WNT Family Member 5A; YAP, yes-associated protein;…”

“…[ 55 ] CPCs and CDCs have also been investigated as sources of EVs especially in developing cardiac disease‐targeting strategies. [ 56 ]…”

Stem Cell Studies in Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine: A Possible Key Role of Macrophages

“…Myocardial infarction biomarkers include specific miRNAs for the early diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (miR-21, miR425, and miR-744) and heart failure (miR34a, miR192, and miR-194), which are released by exosomes [ 120 ]. Intracellular communication has also recently been considered as a factor [ 121 ]. Extracellular vesicles from cardiac-derived adherent proliferating (CardAP) cells enhance angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) [ 122 ].…”

Comparison of Different Isolation Methods for Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Patients with Hyperlipidemia

“…EVs play an important role in intercellular communication [2,3]. Recently, EVs have received widespread attention in diagnosis and therapy as disease biomarkers and targeted drug carriers [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. However, the quality of isolated EVs significantly affects the results of related studies, limiting their clinical applications [13].…”