Revised Newtonian Formula of Gravity and Equation of Cosmology in Flat Space-Time Transformed from Schwarzschild Solution

Xiaochun, Mei; Yu, Ping

doi:10.4236/ijaa.2012.21002

Cited by 6 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The author has proposed a scheme by transforming the geodesic equation of the Schwarzschild solution of the Einstein's equation of gravity field to flat space-time for description, the relativity revised Newtonian formula of gravity can be obtained [3]. The space-time singularity in the Einstein's theory of gravity becomes the original point 0 r  in the Newtonian formula of gravity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Singularities of Gravitational Fields of Static Thin Loop and Double Spheres Reveal the Impossibility of Singularity Black Holes

Xiaochun¹

2013

JMP

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In the classical Newtonian mechanics, the gravity fields of static thin loop and double spheres are two simple but foundational problems. However, in the Einstein's theory of gravity, they are not simple. In fact, we do not know their solutions up to now. Based on the coordinate transformations of the Kerr and the Kerr-Newman solutions of the Einstein's equation of gravity field with axial symmetry, the gravity fields of static thin loop and double spheres are obtained. The results indicate that, no matter how much the mass and density are, there are singularities at the central point of thin loop and the contact point of double spheres. What is more, the singularities are completely exposed in vacuum. Space near the surfaces of thin loop and spheres are highly curved, although the gravity fields are very weak. These results are inconsistent with practical experience and completely impossible. By reasonable analogy, black holes with singularity in cosmology and astrophysics are something illusive. Caused by the mathematical description of curved space-time, they do not exist in real world actually. If there are black holes in the universe, they can only be the types of the Newtonian black holes without singularities, rather than the Einstein's singularity black holes. In order to escape the puzzle of singularity thoroughly, the description of gravity should return to the traditional form of dynamics in flat space. The renormalization of gravity and the unified description of four basic interactions may be possible only based on the frame of flat space-time. Otherwise, theses problems can not be solved forever. Physicists should have a clear understanding about this problem.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Singularities of Gravitational Fields of Static Thin Loop and Double Spheres Reveal the Impossibility of Singularity Black Holes

Xiaochun¹

2013

JMP

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“…On the other hand, by transforming the geodesic equation of the Schwarzschild solution of the Einstein's equation of gravity field to flat space-time for description, the relativity revised Newtonian formula of gravity can be obtained [11]. Based on it, we can explain the experiments of general relativity well without any space-time singularity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2) The formula (11) has no any mathematical and physical reason. The simplified formula (12) is only an artificial patchwork, not a rational deduction.…”

Section: The Problems Exist In the Calculations Abovementioning

confidence: 99%

The Calculations of General Relativity on Massive Celestial Bodies Collapsing into Singular Black Holes Are Wrong

Xiaochun¹

2014

IJAA

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Based on general relativity, J. R. Oppenheimer proved that massive celestial bodies may collapse into singular black holes with infinite densities. By analyzing the original paper of Oppenheimer, this paper reveals that the calculations had a series and serious of mistakes. The basic problem is that the calculation supposes that the density of celestial body does not change with space-time coordinates. The density is firstly assumed invariable with space coordinates and then it is assumed invariable with time. But at last, the conclusion that the density of a celestial body becomes infinity is deduced. The premise contradicts with conclusion. In fact, there is no restriction on the initial density and radius for celestial body in the calculation. According to the calculation results of Oppenheimer, a cloud of thin gas may also collapse into singular black hole under the action of gravity. The calculations neglect great rotating speeds of massive and high density celestial bodies which would make them falling apart rather than collapsing into singularities. Because we do not know the function relations that material densities depend on space-time coordinates in advance, there exists the rationality problem of procedure using the Einstein's equation of gravity field to calculate material collapse. Besides these physical problems, the calculation of Oppenheimer also has some obvious mistakes in mathematics. Another improved method to calculate massive celestial body's collapse also has similar problems. The results are also unreliable. The conclusion of this paper is that up to now general relativity actually has not proved that massive celestial bodies may collapse into singularity black holes.

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“…In the early period of cosmology, what observed were the expansion processes with low speed nearing the Milky Way galaxy, the Friedmann equation can handle it. While cosmology develops to the current period, what observed are the expansion processes with high speed such as the red shift of Ia supernova, the Friedmann equation becomes unsuitable and need relativity revision [7].…”

Section: The Friedmann Equation Needs Relativity Revisionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If dynamic energy momentum tensor means are used simultaneously, speed factor   R t r  is also introduced. In this case, even though we consider the principle of cosmology to take material density as   t  , the equation of cosmology will becomes very complex so that it is impossible to solve [7]. This may be the real reason why the pioneers of cosmology had to use the R-W metric and static energy momentum tensor, for they had no another choice.…”

Section: The Friedmann Equation Needs Relativity Revisionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosmology Should Directly Use the Doppler’s Formula to Calculate the Red Shift of Ia Supernova<br />—The Proofs That Metric Red Shift Is Inapplicable and Dark Energy Does Not Exist

Xiaochun¹,

Yu²

2013

IJAA

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The Doppler formula should be used directly to calculate red shift of Cosmology. The first is gravity, the second is the Doppler's effect and the third is the Compton scattering. The red shift of cosmology is considered to be caused by the receding motions of celestial bodies, of which essence is the Doppler's effect. However, the basic formula used to calculate the relationship between red shift and distance for Ia supernova in cosmology iswhich is based on the R-W metric and related to the scalar factor   R t . This is different from the Doppler formula which is related to speed factor   R t  . Because the R-W metric is only a mathematical structure of space, the metric red shift is not an independent law of physics, this inconsistence is not allowed in physics. It is proved strictly in this paper that the formula of metric red shift is only the result of the first order approximation. If higher order approximations are considered, we can obtain a restrict condition   constant. It indicates that if the formula of metric red shift holds, it can only be suitable to describe the spatial uniform expansion, unsuitable for the practical universal process with acceleration. The further study reveals that the R-W metric violates the invariability principle of light's speed in vacuum. The time delay caused by relative velocity between light's source and observer is neglected. So the R-W metric violates the special relativity and is not suitable to be used as the basic space-time frame in cosmology. The formula used to calculate the relationship between red shift and distance of Ia supernova is wrong and subsequently the deduced results about dark energy and the accelerating universe are incredible. Cosmology should use directly the Doppler formula to calculate red shift. It is proved that based on the Doppler's formula and by the method of numerical calculation, the relation of red shift and distance of Ia supernova can be explained well. The hypotheses of dark energy and the accelerating expansion of the universe are completely unnecessary in cosmology.

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Revised Newtonian Formula of Gravity and Equation of Cosmology in Flat Space-Time Transformed from Schwarzschild Solution

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

The Singularities of Gravitational Fields of Static Thin Loop and Double Spheres Reveal the Impossibility of Singularity Black Holes

The Singularities of Gravitational Fields of Static Thin Loop and Double Spheres Reveal the Impossibility of Singularity Black Holes

The Calculations of General Relativity on Massive Celestial Bodies Collapsing into Singular Black Holes Are Wrong

Cosmology Should Directly Use the Doppler’s Formula to Calculate the Red Shift of Ia Supernova<br />—The Proofs That Metric Red Shift Is Inapplicable and Dark Energy Does Not Exist

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Revised Newtonian Formula of Gravity and Equation of Cosmology in Flat Space-Time Transformed from Schwarzschild Solution

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

The Singularities of Gravitational Fields of Static Thin Loop and Double Spheres Reveal the Impossibility of Singularity Black Holes

The Singularities of Gravitational Fields of Static Thin Loop and Double Spheres Reveal the Impossibility of Singularity Black Holes

The Calculations of General Relativity on Massive Celestial Bodies Collapsing into Singular Black Holes Are Wrong

Cosmology Should Directly Use the Doppler’s Formula to Calculate the Red Shift of Ia Supernova&lt;br /&gt;—The Proofs That Metric Red Shift Is Inapplicable and Dark Energy Does Not Exist

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Cosmology Should Directly Use the Doppler’s Formula to Calculate the Red Shift of Ia Supernova<br />—The Proofs That Metric Red Shift Is Inapplicable and Dark Energy Does Not Exist