Revision of the Nikiti 1 (NKT) fauna with description of new material

Koufos, George D.; Kostopoulos, Dimitris S.; Vlachou, Theodora D.

doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2016.01.006

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The genus Ouranopithecus has been documented since 1974 in the Late Miocene deposits of Northern Greece in the form of several mandibles, a number of isolated teeth, a maxilla (RPl‐128; Figure b) and an almost complete face (XIR‐1; Figure a; de Bonis, ; de Bonis & Melentis, , ; de Bonis et al, 1990; Koufos, , ; Koufos et al, ). Ouranopithecus macedoniensis is currently known from three localities in Macedonia (Northern Greece): Ravin de la Pluie (RPl) and Xirochori (XIR) in the Axios Valley; and Nikiti‐1 (NKT) in the Chalkidiki Peninsula.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Continuing excavations have yielded several maxillary and mandibular remains of this hominoid, especially from RPl; whereas postcranial remains are limited to two phalanges, also from RPl (de Bonis & Koufos, ; de Bonis et al, ; de Bonis & Melentis, , ; Koufos & de Bonis, ). The chronostratigraphic range of O. macedoniensis is hypothesized to lie between 9.6 and 8.7 Ma on the basis of faunal correlation and magnetostratigraphic evidence (Koufos et al, ; Sen et al, ). O. macedoniensis has been hypothesized to represent either an early hominin (de Bonis & Koufos, , ), a dryopithecine and a sister group to the extant African apes and humans (Begun, ; Begun & Kordos, ), or a close relative of Gorilla (Dean & Delson, ) or Pongo (Köhler et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A new three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics analysis of the Ouranopithecus macedoniensis cranium (Late Miocene, Central Macedonia, Greece)

Ioannidou

Koufos

Bonis

et al. 2019

American J Phys Anthropol

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A new three-dimensional geometric morphometrics analysis of the Ouranopithecus macedoniensis cranium (Late Miocene, Abstract Objectives: This study aims to virtually reconstruct the deformed face (XIR-1) and maxilla (RPl-128) of the Late Miocene hominoid Ouranopithecus macedoniensis from Greece, through the application of mirror-imaging and segmentation. Additionally, analysis was conducted through 3D geometric morphometrics, utilizing a comparative sample of fossil hominoids, extant great apes (Gorilla, Pan, and Pongo) and humans, so as to explore shape variation and phenetic similarities between them.Materials and methods: High-resolution computed tomography was used to create digital representations of the XIR-1 and RPl-128 specimens. The virtual reconstruction of the XIR-1 cranium was achieved by mirror-imaging, while the RPl-128 maxilla was virtually segmented and reattached in a correct anatomical position. Anatomical landmarks were registered in three dimensions on a comparative sample of adult crania of extant great apes, humans and fossil hominoids. The data were processed with Procrustes superimposition and analyzed using multivariate statistics methods.Results: Results show that Ouranopithecus macedoniensis falls within or close to the Gorilla convex hull in the principal component analyses, and it is closer to the mean Procrustes shape distance of primarily Gorilla. Both specimens, XIR-1 and RPl-128, are classified as Gorilla based on discriminant function analyses. Discussion: The results of our geometric morphometrics analyses indicate thatOuranopithecus macedoniensis is morphologically more similar to Gorilla than to Homo, Pan, or Pongo, results that can contribute to the evaluation of existing hypotheses about its phylogenetic position. K E Y W O R D Sgeometric morphometrics, hominoidea, Late Miocene, Ouranopithecus, virtual anthropology

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics analysis of the Ouranopithecus macedoniensis cranium (Late Miocene, Central Macedonia, Greece)

Ioannidou

Koufos

Bonis

et al. 2019

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…Additional CladeAge calibration We consider Sivapithecus indicus to be the oldest definitive pongine. A number of "dryopiths" (sensu Almécija et al, 2021;Urciuoli et al, 2021) from Europe, including the ~9.6-8.7 Ma old Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Sen et al, 2000;Koufos et al, 2016), have been found to be stem hominines in some published phylogenetic analyses (e.g., Begun et al, 2012), but not others (e.g., Alba et al, 2015, and their position appears sensitive to analytical assumptions (Young and MacLatchy, 2004;Worthington, 2012). Given the ongoing controversy regarding the affinities of the European "dryopiths" (see Benoit and Thackeray, 2017;Fuss et al, 2018;Almécija et al, 2021), we follow Gilbert et al (2020) in viewing them as Hominoidea incertae sedis, and do not use them as the oldest record of Homininae.…”

Section: Calibrating Taxon Sivapithecus Indicusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total evidence tip-dating phylogeny of platyrrhine primates and 27 well-justified fossil calibrations for primate divergences

Vries

Beck

2021

Preprint

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Phylogenies with estimates of divergence times are essential for investigating many evolutionary questions. In principle, “tip-dating” is arguably the most appropriate approach, with fossil and extant taxa analyzed together in a single analysis, and topology and divergence times estimated simultaneously. However, “node-dating” (as used in many molecular clock analyses), in which fossil evidence is used to calibrate the age of particular nodes a priori, will probably remain the dominant approach, due to various issues with analyzing morphological and molecular data together. Tip-dating may nevertheless play a key role in robustly identifying fossil taxa that can be used to inform node-dating calibrations. Here, we present tip-dating analyses of platyrrhine primates (so-called “New World monkeys”) based on a total evidence dataset of 418 morphological characters and 10.2 kb of DNA sequence data from 17 nuclear genes, combined from previous studies. The resultant analyses support a late Oligocene or early Miocene age for crown Platyrrhini (composite age estimate: 20.7-28.2 Ma). Other key findings include placement of the early Miocene putative cebid Panamacebus outside crown Platyrrhini, equivocal support for Proteropithecia being a pitheciine, and support for a clade comprising three subfossil platyrrhines from the Caribbean (Xenothrix, Antillothrix and Paralouatta), related to Callicebinae. Based on these results and the available literature, we provide a list of 27 well-justified node calibrations for primate divergences, following best practices: 17 within Haplorhini, five within Strepsirrhini, one for crown Primates, and four for deeper divergences within Euarchontoglires. In each case, we provide a hard minimum bound, and for 23 of these we also provide a soft maximum bound and a suggested prior distribution. For each calibrated node, we provide the age of the oldest fossil of each daughter lineage that descends from it, which allows use of the “CladeAge” method for specifying priors on node ages.

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“…Additionally, ongoing excavations in the other two O. macedoniensis localities, Xirochori 1 (XIR), in the Axios valley, and Nikiti 1 (NKT), in the Chalkidiki Peninsula, have produced other very important specimens, including an almost complete face (XIR-1; de Bonis et al, 1990;Koufos, 1993Koufos, , 1995. Based on faunal correlation and magnetostratigraphic evidence at these three localities, the chronostratigraphic range of O. macedoniensis is between 9.6 and 8.7 Ma (Koufos, Kostopoulos, & Vlachou, 2016;Sen et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on faunal correlation and magnetostratigraphic evidence at these three localities, the chronostratigraphic range of O . macedoniensis is between 9.6 and 8.7 Ma (Koufos, Kostopoulos, & Vlachou, 2016; Sen et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D geometric morphometrics analysis of mandibular fragments of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis from the late Miocene deposits of Central Macedonia, Greece

Ioannidou

Koufos

Bonis

et al. 2021

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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Objectives: To explore mandibular shape differences between Ouranopithecus macedoniensis and a comparative sample of extant great apes using three-dimensional (3D) geometrics morphometrics. Other objectives are to assess mandibular shape variation and homogeneity within Ouranopithecus, explore the effects of size on mandibular shape, and explore the degree of mandibular sexual size dimorphism in Ouranopithecus. Materials and methods:The comparative sample comprises digitized mandibles from adult extant great apes. The 3D analysis includes three datasets: one with landmarks registered on the mandibular corpus and symphysis of mandibles preserving both sides, one on hemimandibles only, and one focused on the ramus and gonial area. Multivariate statistical analyses were conducted, such as ordination analyses (PCA), intra-specific Procrustes distances pairs, pairwise male-female centroid size differences, and correlation analyses. Results:The male and female specimens of Ouranopithecus have mandibular shapes that are quite similar, although differences exist. The Procrustes distances results suggest more shape variation in Ouranopithecus than in the extant great apes.

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Revision of the Nikiti 1 (NKT) fauna with description of new material

Cited by 18 publications

References 16 publications

A new three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics analysis of the Ouranopithecus macedoniensis cranium (Late Miocene, Central Macedonia, Greece)

A new three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics analysis of the Ouranopithecus macedoniensis cranium (Late Miocene, Central Macedonia, Greece)

Total evidence tip-dating phylogeny of platyrrhine primates and 27 well-justified fossil calibrations for primate divergences

3D geometric morphometrics analysis of mandibular fragments of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis from the late Miocene deposits of Central Macedonia, Greece

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