Wound infections are serious and relatively common postoperative complications. They are generally detected five to nine days after surgery and are usually attributed, even by surgeons, to poor surgical technique or failure to maintain sterility. However, it has been known for decades that all wounds become contaminated, often by bacteria from the skin or within the patient, and that it is host defense mechanisms that prevent most contamination from developing into clinical infections. Host defense is especially important during the initial hours following contamination, i.e., the immediate perioperative period.As might thus be expected, factors that improve host defense reduce infection risk. Many of these are under the direct control of anesthesiologists and are at least as important as appropriate use of prophylactic antibiotics, which halve infection risk [1]. This article will review nonpharmacologic methods of reducing infection risk, with special emphasis on methods available to anesthesiologists.