Revitalization and counter‐revitalization: tourism, heritage, and theLantern Festivalas catalysts for regeneration in Hội An, Việt Nam

Examining cultural tourism attractions for foreign visitors: The case of camel wrestling in Selçuk Ephesus

“…For instance, the Lantern Festival in Vietnam was a good example of such an impact. The lanterns bought as souvenirs by tourists in time turned into important export products, and local developments were observed in other labor-intensive handmade productions (Di Giovine, 2009). A similar process in this example is observed in the vicinity of camel wrestling organizations.…”

“…There are studies on this matter which evaluate tourism's positive impacts in its various dimensions. They include the studies on the contribution of festivals to the welfare of local society through new job opportunities and the studies on festivals' provision of local renewal and revival (Prentice, Andersen 2003;Smith, 2004;Di Giovine, 2009). Furthermore, there is a study that highlights inter-institutional cooperation for suc-cessful processes in festival organizations (Yaghmour, Scott, 2009) and there is another study that draws attention to the roles of festival organizers and directors in determining the relationships between festival and local society (Gursoy et al, 2004).…”

Retailing in places of World Heritage, transition and ‘planned authenticity’

“…This was partly due to a strategy designed to attract the lucrative luxury segment of tourists, but it also reflected initial hesitanceand later mere intolerance -toward backpackers, who were entering the country in increasing numbers and were also among the first Western tourists to visit Hoi An in the early 1990s. Backpackers were considered difficult to control and were seen as having negative socio-cultural effects (see Di Giovine, 2009;Lloyd, 2003). The level of involvement and control by authorities in the tourism industry has continued to be relatively high (Christian et al, 2011).…”

“…After that time, trade declined becauseamong other reasons the river by which ships reached the town became clogged with silt. During the Vietnam War and the subsequent period of the planned economy, the area was further impoverished (see, e.g., Di Giovine, 2009). The economy of the region became mainly agrarian, and like the rest of Vietnam, it was more or less isolated from the global economy, including the global tourism sector, upon which barriers and state monopolization were enforced (see Christian, Fernandez-Stark, Frederick, & Gereffi, 2011;Suntikul et al, 2008a;2008b).…”

“…Economic geography scholarship on retail change in developing countries has primarily focused on the emergence and practices of 'modern' retail sectors. The main topics that have been explored in this regard include the globalization of transnational retail and the emergence of domestically owned supermarkets that serve growing markets of domestic consumers (e.g., Coe & Wrigley, 2007;2009).Those topics are not the foci of this paper. Rather, this paper aims to explain the emergence and transformation of the tourism retail sector in Hoi An in central Vietnam; it explores the practices of and challenges facing the clothing retailers that serve global tourists visiting the ancient town.…”