Revolution and the Making of the Contemporary Legal ProfessionEngland, France, and the United States

From inspection to auditing: Audit and markets as linked ecologies

“…The new audit entrepreneurs did not want "to escape from market evaluations" (Burrage, 2006), but sought to actively embrace and shape them (e.g. through the audit firm rankings).…”

“…through the audit firm rankings). In contrast to the 18 th century lawyers in England and France that Burrage (2006) studied, the Russian auditors did not seek to construct "private enclaves" in which market rules could be "modified or suspended and declined" (Burrage, 2006, p. 20).…”

The Entry of Women as Organic Professionals of Justice Systems: Reflections on Historical Records and Current Trends

“…In Burrage's studies on the matter, revolutionary ideals spreading during the American and French revolutions (Burrage, 1989) and political movements that occurred in the wake of the two World Wars favoured the emancipatory cause of women that we are now witnessing (Burrage, 2006). All in all -according to this author -economy, as such, was not a catalyst for the institutional changes that legal systems and legal expertise endured during and after such circumstances.…”

“…Having stated the above, the specific attitudes of women during World Wars I and II cannot be left aside (Burrage, 2006). For the purpose of this study, the case in point can be briefly summarised as follows: due to the call to war, all men able to fight had to leave their homes, their towns and their jobs for several years.…”

Professions, marginality and inequalities

“…More pointedly in relation to this contribution, though, is the hierarchy of professions which has emerged in particular countries linked to different patterns of professional social closure. In this hierarchy, professions like law and medicine are classically seen to be at the apex in the Anglo-American setting -albeit with their own internal sub-specialist rankings which can be illustrated in Britain by the longstanding division between higher status barristers and solicitors in the English legal system (Burrage, 2006) and between elite consultants in niche specialisms and general practitioners in the National Health Service (Klein, 2010). Other professions variously lie below these groups in a pecking order resulting from legally embedded patterns of referral, oversight and other arrangements in relation to top tier professional groups -which are also typically reflected in differential financial and related rewards.…”