Rhino Virus Infections of Children in Hospital; Isolation of Three Possibly New Rhinovirus Serotypes1

Stott, E. J.; Eadie, M. B.; Grist, N. R.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121048

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…HEV, human enterovirus; EV, echovirus; CV, coxsackievirus; HPV, human poliovirus. (Phillips et al, 1968) URT illness 7,9,13,14,17,56,64 1968 Children (Read et al, 1997) Recurrent asthma 13,29,32,48,49,81 1997 Adult (Military) (Bloom et al, 1963) URT illness 1A, 1B, 2 1963 Adult (Outpatients) (Suzuki et al, 2007) PVOD 40,75,78,80 2007 Adult (Military) (Rosenbaum et al, 1971) Common cold 1A, 2, 38, 7, 64, SD-7407 1971 Adult (Office workers) ARTI 4,9,10,12-14,16,24,35,39 1966 Adult (Lung transplant) (Kaiser et al, 2006) Graft dysfunction 3,27,64 2006 Adult (LTCF) (Louie et al, 2005) LRT illness 82 2005 Adult (Surgery) (Craighead et al, 1969) LRT illness 13 1969 Post-mortem (infants) (Urquhart and Grist, 1972;Urquhart and Stott, 1970SIDS 15, 22 1972 Adult (Isolation) (Holmes et al, 1976) LRT illness 2 1976 Children (isolation) (Stott et al, 1969) LRT illness 1B,10,16,18,19,32,33,38,40,49,51,65,78 1979 URT illness 12,23,50 Children (Krilov et al, 1986) LRT illness 1B,44,53,56,63,88 1986 Children Adults (Reilly et al, 1962) ARTI-Ab NEG for common viruses 10,12,13,18,19,23-25,27,28 1962 7-12,19-22,58 Ab, antibody; ARTI, acute respiratory tract infection; ILI, influenza-like illness; LRT, lower respiratory tract; LTCF, long term care facility; PVOD, post-viral olfactory disease; SD-7407, untyped HRV strain; SIDS, sudden infant death syndrome; URT, upper respiratory tract.…”

Section: Cell Culture Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Picornaviruses recognize a variety of receptors (Rossmann, 1994;Khan et al, 2008;Uncapher et al, Minor group HRV strains are underlined, major group are shown in bold. M (only found in HRV A; propensity for monkey cells) and H strains (located in both species; grew in human cell cultures) (Gwaltney and Jordan, 1964;Stott et al, 1969;Rosenbaum et al, 1971;Tyrrell and Parsons, 1960;Tyrrell and Bynoe, 1961;Ketler et al, 1962;Taylor-Robinson and Tyrrell, 1962;Cooney and Kenny, 1977;Bloom et al, 1963) are indicated with superscripts and generally correlate with receptor usage (Macnaughton, 1982). Assignment of some strains to this sub-classification may also have been influenced by the viral load in the inoculum (Douglas et al, 1966a;Hamre, 1967).…”

Section: The Rhinovirionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When they are included in the testing menu, HRV detections can raise the frequency of pathogen detection above one per sample (Brunstein et al, 2008). Early HRV studies found that HRV strains were frequent contributors to coinfections and concluded this was evidence for a minor role in serious respiratory illness (Stott et al, 1969). More likely this reflected the insensitivity of the culture methods used which simply failed to propagate many HRV strains.…”

Section: Polymerase Chain Reaction: Weapon Of Choice For Rhinovirus Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Kusel et al, 2006) HCoVs, HPIVs, HMPV, HRSV, HAdVs 2 Children/adults (PCR; PV) (Johnston et al, 1993b) ND 12/4 Children (PCR; PV) (Winther et al, 2006) N D 1 9 Adult (culture; HRV IFVs, HPIVs, CVA-21, HRSV 2 Adult (culture; filterable agent) (Jackson and Dowling, 1959) N D 1 0 Children (PCR; HRV) (Suvilehto et al, 2006) N D 6 1 Children (culture; HRV) (Banham, 1965) HPIV, HEVs, ␤HS, HAdVs 2 Adults (culture) (Hamre et al, 1966) HCoV, HRSV, FLUBV, HPIVs, HAdVs ≤5 Children <2 years/2-16 years (PCR; HRV) (Rakes et al, 1999) HRSV, HCoV-OC43, HAdVs 41/36 Children (PCR; PV) (Jartti et al, 2004a) Not examined. 10 Children (culture) (Stott et al, 1969) HRSV, HRV, HPIV, HSV, HAdV, HEV 9 positives were associated with illness while 19% were not, however 'asymptomatic' periods may also have been associated with underreporting of true SRIs (Winther et al, 2006). One concludes that it is essential to sample often for accurate HRV epidemiology.…”

Section: Rhinovirus Infection: Occupation or Skirmish?mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Human rhinoviruses: The cold wars resume

Mackay

2008

Journal of Clinical Virology

100

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Section: Cell Culture Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Rhinovirionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polymerase Chain Reaction: Weapon Of Choice For Rhinovirus Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rhinovirus Infection: Occupation or Skirmish?mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Human rhinoviruses: The cold wars resume

Mackay

2008

Journal of Clinical Virology

100

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“…When they are included in the PCR testing menu, HRVs raise the frequency of pathogen detection above one per sample [111]. Studies find that HRV strains are very frequent contributors to co-infections [112] and co-detections [113], sometimes presenting this in terms of their minor contributing role in serious respiratory disease [112,113]. More likely this reflects the insensitivity of old cell culture-based methods that simply failed to propagate many HRV strains and in the process created paradigms for the HRVs that reduced their profile for further study.…”

Section: Polymerase Chain Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology

2009

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The common cold is the result of an upper respiratory tract infection causing an acute syndrome characterised by a combination of non-specific symptoms, including sore throat, cough, fever, rhinorrhoea, malaise, headache, and myalgia. Respiratory viruses, alone or in combination, are the most common cause. The course of illness can be complicated by bacterial agents, causing pharyngitis or sinusitis, but they are a rare cause of cold and flu-like illnesses (CFLIs). Our understanding of CFLI epidemiology has been enhanced by molecular detection methods, particularly polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. PCR has not only improved detection of previously known viruses, but within the last decade has resulted in the detection of many divergent novel respiratory virus species. Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections cause nearly all CFLIs and they can be responsible for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. HRVs are co-detected with other respiratory viruses in statistically significant patterns, with HRVs occurring in the lowest proportion of co-detections, compared to most other respiratory viruses. Some recently identified rhinoviruses may populate an entirely new putative HRV species; HRV C. Further work is required to confirm a causal role for these newly identified viruses in CFLIs. The burden of illness associated with CFLIs is poorly documented, but where data are available, the impact of CFLIs is considerable. Individual infections, although they do not commonly result in more severe respiratory tract illness, are associated with substantial direct and indirect resource use. The product of frequency and burden for CFLIs is likely to be greater in magnitude than for any other respiratory syndrome, but further work is required to document this. Our understanding of the viral causes of CLFIs, although incomplete, has improved in recent years. Documenting burden is also an important step in progress towards improved control and management of these illnesses.

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Newly identified human rhinoviruses: molecular methods heat up the cold viruses

Arden

Mackay

2010

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections cause at least 70% of virus-related wheezing exacerbations and cold and flu-like illnesses. They are associated with otitis media, sinusitis and pneumonia. Annually, the economic impact of HRV infections costs billions in healthcare and lost productivity. Since 1987, 100 officially recognised HRV serotypes reside in two genetically distinct species; HRV A and HRV B, within the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae. Sequencing of their approximately 7kb genomes was finalised in 2009. Since 1999, many globally circulating, molecularly-defined 'strains', perhaps equivalent to novel serotypes, have been discovered but remain uncharacterised. Many of these currently unculturable strains have been assigned to a proposed new species, HRV C although confusion exists over the membership of the species. There has not been sufficient sampling to ensure the identification of all strains and no consensus criteria exist to define whether clinical HRV detections are best described as a distinct strain or a closely related variant of a previously identified strain (or serotype). We cannot yet robustly identify patterns in the circulation of newly identified HRVs (niHRVs) or the full range of associated illnesses and more data are required. Many questions arise from this new found diversity: what drives the development of so many distinct viruses compared to other species of RNA viruses? What role does recombination play in generating this diversity? Are there species- or strain-specific circulation patterns and clinical outcomes? Are divergent strains sensitive to existing capsid-binding antivirals? This update reviews the findings that trigger these and other questions arising during the current cycle of intense rhinovirus discovery.

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Rhino Virus Infections of Children in Hospital; Isolation of Three Possibly New Rhinovirus Serotypes1

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Human rhinoviruses: The cold wars resume

Human rhinoviruses: The cold wars resume

Epidemiology

Newly identified human rhinoviruses: molecular methods heat up the cold viruses

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