Richards Bay Harbour: Metal exposure monitoring over the last 34years

Greenfield, Richard; Wepener, Victor; Degger, Natalie; Brink, Kerry

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.04.026

Cited by 35 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Mean Cd levels in all invertebrates from False Bay were greater than those found by Greenfield et al (2011) for Perna perna and Liu & Kueh (2005) for Perna viridus in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. However, all the maximum concentrations we measured in mussels from False Bay were below the metal concentrations recorded for mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the metal polluted Western Scheldt Estuary in The Netherlands (Mubiana et al 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…We also compared the metal concentrations in the invertebrates from False Bay with those found in brown mussels from Richards Bay Harbour (Greenfield et al 2011) and mussels from other known metal contaminated regions. Mean Cd levels in all invertebrates from False Bay were greater than those found by Greenfield et al (2011) for Perna perna and Liu & Kueh (2005) for Perna viridus in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial and Temporal Variation in Cadmium Body Loads of Four Intertidal Invertebrates from False Bay, South Africa

2012

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Increasing urbanization and industrialization along the coastal areas of False Bay in SouthAfrica can endanger coastal ecosystems because of increasing metal pollution. To obtain baseline data on contamination levels in the intertidal zone, cadmium (Cd) body loads of four invertebrate species were measured seasonally over a period of 15 months from different sites within the bay. Specimens of Tetraclita serrata (barnacle), Oxystele sinenses (periwinkle), Cymbula oculus (limpet) and Choromytilus meridionalis (mussel) were collected and analysed to determine temporal changes in Cd body burdens. Cd concentrations were also measured in water and sediments. Cd concentrations in the intertidal animals varied considerably between sampling sites and between seasons and also occasionally between species. All four species accumulated Cd in their bodies to levels several times higher than environmental concentrations. No significant difference could be shown between the Cd concentrations in the gastropod grazers and the filter-feeders. The highest mean body load of Cd (70.67 µg/g dry weight) for a single sampling occasion was measured in the sessile barnacles (T. serrata) collected at Rooi-Els. The highest mean Cd concentration (11.95 µg/g) for the bay as a whole was measured in the limpet C. oculus. Two-way analysis of variance indicated that spatial (location) rather than temporal (seasonal) factors affected Cd concentrations in the invertebrates. Cd concentrations in False Bay sometimes exceeded the norms or water quality standards.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and Temporal Variation in Cadmium Body Loads of Four Intertidal Invertebrates from False Bay, South Africa

2012

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“…Ook Greenfield et al (2011) Die situasie behoort gereeld, indien nie deurlopend nie, gemoniteer te word sodat 'n behoorlike risiko-analise, wanneer nodig, uitgevoer kan word. Meer basislyn-inligting soos ook deur Newman en Watling (2007) voorgestel, is nodig.…”

Section: Kadmiumunclassified

Is metal pollution a threat to the continued survival of the starfish in False Bay, South Africa?

Reinecke

2013

Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskr Natuurwetenskap Tegnol

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Urbanisation and industrial development in the catchment area of False Bay in South Africa are increasing and concern was raised about the effect of environmental pollutants on intertidal fauna such as starfish. The aim of the present study was to obtain initial descriptive baseline data over several seasons during 2000–2001 of metal concentrations in water, sediment and body samples of the chosen cushion starfish Parvulastra exigua (Lamarck, 1816) that occurs widely in the intertidal zone of False Bay. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc were measured in samples of the cushion starfish, water and sediment at five localities along the coast of False Bay. The samples were chemically analysed for metals by atomic spectrophotometry. The highest individually measured concentrations of cadmium (Cd) in starfish and sediment were found in the northern coastal region between Strand and Muizenberg where most industrial activity and human settlement occur. Large variation in concentrations of all metals occurred between localities and seasons. The mean concentrations of Cd and Pb in water and sediment were in a few instances slightly higher than the recommended levels or target values of the South African marine water and sediment quality norms but still lower than those in various developed countries. Indications are that the bay was at the time of this study still less contaminated by metals in comparison with the coastal waters of various other countries. The accumulation of nonessential metals such as cadmium and lead in both sediment and bodies of starfish was nevertheless such that it can be assumed that environmental concentrations in some parts of the bay could over time build up to levels that are detrimental to the species as well as their predators. This study provided evidence that the cushion starfish in False Bay is exposed to several metals of which some are potentially hazardous since they tend to gradually accumulate in animal bodies. Risk assessment, however, requires additional information about the causal relationship between exposure and biological effects at the cellular, organismic and population levels before informed decisions can be made whether the threat to starfish is such that intervention is required.

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“…Omdat die gemete konsentrasies van die metale in die drie verskillende kompartemente van die tussengetygebied van Valsbaai (water, sediment en diereliggame) heelwat gevarieer het in beide ruimte en met die verloop van tyd, word die naspeur van patrone en tendense bemoeilik. Binning en Baird (2001), asook Greenfield et al (2011), wys tereg op die probleme om betroubare, verteenwoordigende monsters van hierdie aard te verkry. Wat die sediment-en liggaamskonsentrasies van metale betref, was dit in feitlik alle gevalle aansienlik hoër as die konsentrasies in die water.…”

Section: Besprekingunclassified

“…Ook Greenfield et al (2011) (Rosen et al 2008). Daar kan dus nie tot die slotsom gekom word dat die gebruik van Cu-bevattende plaagbeheermiddels in die opvanggebiede van die baai in die periode wat die studie voorafgegaan het, 'n bedreiging ingehou het vir die seesterre nie.…”

Section: Besprekingunclassified

The South African pig carcass classification system.

Siebrits

Hambrock

Pieterse

2012

Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskr. Natuurwetenskap Tegnol.

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The current regression equations for the prediction of pig carcass lean content in South Africa were calculated in 1992 and had not been updated since, whilst pig carcasses became much leaner and often heavier than the 90 kg originally used. It therefore became necessary to critically evaluate the classification regressions to establish whether the genetic improvement had a substantial effect on lean prediction and whether the same regression may be extrapolated to heavier carcasses. Ultimately, it must be established whether the producer is fairly remunerated. Eighty-one pigs, consisting of five representative genotypes and three sexes (gilts, boars and barrows) at a live mass between 20 kg and 30 kg, were allocated to eight slaughter groups, fed a standard diet ad libitum and slaughtered at live masses ranging from 74 kg to 160 kg. Fat measurements were taken on the carcasses using a Hennessy Grading Probe® and an Intrascope®, whereafter the left sides were divided into wholesale cuts and dissected into lean, fat, skin and bone. Fat measurements were also taken on the live animals prior to slaughter using a Renco Lean Meater®. Stepwise linear regression analysis was used to calculate regression equations between lean percentage and fat measurements as well as eye muscle diameter. Although the original equations still hold, even for heavier carcasses, alarming deviations from frequencies of observed carcass classifications were observed. This implies that either the producers are paid less than what they deserve, or the meat trade and consumer pay more than what they should. However, the price differences between both the two leanest classes and the two fattest classes are too small to have a significant effect on the price of pork.

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Richards Bay Harbour: Metal exposure monitoring over the last 34years

Cited by 35 publications

References 20 publications

Spatial and Temporal Variation in Cadmium Body Loads of Four Intertidal Invertebrates from False Bay, South Africa

Spatial and Temporal Variation in Cadmium Body Loads of Four Intertidal Invertebrates from False Bay, South Africa

Is metal pollution a threat to the continued survival of the starfish in False Bay, South Africa?

The South African pig carcass classification system.

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