Ricochet of Spheres on Sand of Various Temperature

Kim, Yoon Keon; Choi, Woo Chun

doi:10.14429/dsj.68.11846

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The effect of sea waves on a 0.50 caliber bullet ricocheting off sea water is reported 6 . In another study 7 , experimental and FEM modelling was carried out to determine the temperature effect upon a sphere ricochet on sand. Park 8 , et al examined the physics of arbitrary-shaped bodies entering an air-water interface by employing the source panel numerical method.…”

Section: Review Of the Past Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact and Ricochet of a High Speed Projectile from a Plate

2021

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A computational study of a projectile (either 2024 aluminum or TiAl6V4 titanium alloy) impacting a plate (either titanium alloy or aluminum) is presented in this paper. Projectile velocity (ranging from 250 m/s to 1500 m/s) with varying impact angles are considered. The presence of ricochet (if any) is identified over the ranges of the projectile velocity and impact angle considered. For the cases where ricochet is identified, the ricochet angle and velocity are predicted as functions of the incident angle and the incident velocity. The numerical results are compared with an analytical solution of the ricochet problem. The analytical solutions are from a model developed to predict the ballistic ricochet of a projectile (projectile) penetrator. The dynamics and the deformation of an aluminum (or a titanium alloy) projectile impacting on a finite thickness titanium alloy (or aluminum) plate are simulated. The current work is interesting in that it looks in the field of ballistics of different material combinations than are traditionally studied. The present simulations based on detailed material models for the aluminum and the titanium alloy and the impact physics modelling features in the LS-DYNA code provide interesting details regarding the projectile/plate deformations and post-impact projectile shape and geometry. The present results indicate that for no cases (for specified incoming velocities and impact angles considered) can an aluminum projectile penetrate a titanium alloy plate. The ricochet ‘mode predictions ‘obtained from the present simulations agree well with the ricochet ‘mode predictions’ given in an analytical model.

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Section: Review Of the Past Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact and Ricochet of a High Speed Projectile from a Plate

2021

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“…where F ext is the external load vector and F int is the internal load vector. Using the finite difference formulas of equations (12) and (13), the new velocities and positions are expressed in equations (15) and (16).…”

Section: Fea Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ricochets are not only affected by the initial conditions of debris but also by the type, composition, and surrounding environment of the medium. [13][14][15] However, while studying debris travel distance and explosion programs, ricochets are calculated using simple equations that do not consider the type and properties of the medium. 9,16,17 Moreover, little research has been conducted on the travel distance of ricocheted debris, considering the type and condition of the medium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ricochet of steel spheres on sand with varying water content

Kim

Choi

2014

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

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The explosion of a building generates plenty of debris that flies far away. The flying debris is hazardous because it contains large amounts of kinetic energy. Therefore, determining the safety distance from the debris is essential. However, debris ricochet that collides onto the ground affects the safety distance because the ricochet phenomenon is influenced by the condition of the medium. In this study, experiments and finite element analysis were performed to investigate the ricochet based on the water content of sand. From a direct shear test, the internal friction angle and cohesion of sand were obtained based on the water content. The effects of internal friction angle and adhesion on the yield stress and ricochet were investigated. The results indicated that as the water content increased, the internal friction angle increased and then decreased, and the cohesion continued to decrease. The yield stress was proportional to the internal friction angle and inversely proportional to adhesion. Therefore, lower yield stress resulted in deeper penetration of debris, leading to higher energy loss, which increased the kinetic energy loss factor. Thus, the condition of the medium should be considered for setting a proper safety distance suitable for the surrounding environment of the building.

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“…The study was intended to determine hazard zones due to uncontrolled ricocheting rounds due to the effect waves will have on the trajectory and direction of the rounds. In the study by (10), the temperature effect on sphere ricochet on sand was investigated through experimental and FEM modeling. They found that as the temperature of the sand increases, the shear stress acting by the sand particles on the sphere decreases which increases the sphere's penetration depth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact and ricochet of a high-speed rigid projectile from an air-water interface

2019

IJM

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A numerical study on a rigid projectile (sphere) ricocheting off a water layer is presented in this paper. The time-dependent three-dimensional simulations are carried out for the impact of a solid metal sphere (with radius r) on a quiescent air-water interface. Three types of metal spheres with specific gravity (𝜎𝜎) values ranging from 7.8 to 2.7 (steel, titanium and duralumin) were considered. The numerical results are compared with analytical solutions and experimental data of the ricochet problem available in the literature. A given range of projectile impact velocity (𝑉𝑉 𝑖𝑖 ) are considered with varying impact angles to determine the critical angle of impact 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 -as a function of the Froude number (𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝑉𝑉 𝑖𝑖 2 /𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟) and 𝜎𝜎. A correlation in the form of 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑓𝑓(𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹, 𝜎𝜎) is proposed for the ricochet of a solid sphere from an airwater interface.

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Ricochet of Spheres on Sand of Various Temperature

Cited by 6 publications

References 23 publications

Impact and Ricochet of a High Speed Projectile from a Plate

Impact and Ricochet of a High Speed Projectile from a Plate

Ricochet of steel spheres on sand with varying water content

Impact and ricochet of a high-speed rigid projectile from an air-water interface

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