RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, myrcene, CAS Registry Number 123-35-3

Api, A.M.; Belmonte, F.; Belsito, D.; Biserta, S.; Botelho, D.; Bruze, M.; Burton, G.A.; Buschmann, J.; Cancellieri, M.A.; Dagli, M.L.; Date, M.; Dekant, W.; Deodhar, C.; Fryer, A.D.; Gadhia, S.; Jones, L.; Joshi, K.; Lapczynski, A.; Lavelle, M.; Liebler, D.C.; Na, M.; O’Brien, D.; Patel, A.; Penning, T.M.; Ritacco, G.; Rodríguez-Ropero, F.; Romine, J.; Sadekar, N.; Salvito, D.; Schultz, T.W.; Sipes, I. G.; Sullivan, G.; Thakkar, Y.; Tokura, Y.; Tsang, S.

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111631

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Myrcene and farnesene are less toxic than butadiene, hence their use in cosmetic and fragrance formulations. [74][75][76] They are also less volatile than butadiene and isoprene. Therefore, they can be polymerized at atmospheric pressure, through a simpler process avoiding the use of expensive pressurized reactors, thus minimizing energy consumption.…”

Section: Terpene-based Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in radical polymerization of bio-based monomers in aqueous dispersed media

et al. 2023

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Section: Terpene-based Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in radical polymerization of bio-based monomers in aqueous dispersed media

et al. 2023

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“…Occurrence: β-myrcene ( Figure 6 (1)) is an acyclic monoterpene, which occurs naturally in a variety of plants, including verbena, lemongrass, bay, rosemary, basil, cardamon and is a constituent in many fruits, vegetables and beverages, such as citrus peel oils and juices, pineapple, celery, carrot, beer, white wine, and many others [ 611 , 612 , 613 ]. The highest levels of β-myrcene, up to 10 g/kg dry weight, were reported in hops [ 611 ].…”

Section: Epigenetic Carcinogens or Carcinogens With Uncertain Mode Of...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Genotoxicity/DNA Binding (Adducts) : β-myrcene lacks genotoxicity and mutagenicity in vitro and in vivo [ 611 , 613 , 614 , 616 , 617 , 618 , 619 ], accordingly, no covalent DNA binding was reported.…”

Section: Epigenetic Carcinogens or Carcinogens With Uncertain Mode Of...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Metabolism : Metabolism of β-myrcene involves oxidation of the carbon–carbon double bond ( Figure 6 (1)) to an epoxide intermediate, which after hydrolysis gives rise to diol conjugates, 10-hydroxylinalool and 7-methyl-3-methyleneoct-6-ene-1,2-diol, that were detected in the urine of rabbits and rats [ 611 , 620 , 621 , 622 ]. Diols are further oxidized to corresponding aldehydes and hydroxy acids [ 613 ]. These reactions are likely metabolized by CYPs [ 619 ], and β-myrcene was shown to inhibit activity of CYP2B1 in vitro and induce CYP2B1/B2 in vivo [ 623 , 624 ].…”

Section: Epigenetic Carcinogens or Carcinogens With Uncertain Mode Of...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk

Kobets

Smith

Williams

2022

Foods

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Commonly consumed foods and beverages can contain chemicals with reported carcinogenic activity in rodent models. Moreover, exposures to some of these substances have been associated with increased cancer risks in humans. Food-borne carcinogens span a range of chemical classes and can arise from natural or anthropogenic sources, as well as form endogenously. Important considerations include the mechanism(s) of action (MoA), their relevance to human biology, and the level of exposure in diet. The MoAs of carcinogens have been classified as either DNA-reactive (genotoxic), involving covalent reaction with nuclear DNA, or epigenetic, involving molecular and cellular effects other than DNA reactivity. Carcinogens are generally present in food at low levels, resulting in low daily intakes, although there are some exceptions. Carcinogens of the DNA-reactive type produce effects at lower dosages than epigenetic carcinogens. Several food-related DNA-reactive carcinogens, including aflatoxins, aristolochic acid, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene and ethylene oxide, are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causes of human cancer. Of the epigenetic type, the only carcinogen considered to be associated with increased cancer in humans, although not from low-level food exposure, is dioxin (TCDD). Thus, DNA-reactive carcinogens in food represent a much greater risk than epigenetic carcinogens.

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“…According to the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JEFCA), β-myrcene is safe to use as a flavour ingredient and is not of concern at its current estimated intake ( 140 ). More recently, the RIFM stated that is safe to use for fragrances, and that there is no evidence for genotoxic, skin sensitising, phototoxic/photoallergenic effects ( 141 ).…”

Section: Regulatory Positionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myrcene—What Are the Potential Health Benefits of This Flavouring and Aroma Agent?

et al. 2021

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Myrcene (β-myrcene) is an abundant monoterpene which occurs as a major constituent in many plant species, including hops and cannabis. It is a popular flavouring and aroma agent (food additive) used in the manufacture of food and beverages. This review aims to report on the occurrence, biological and toxicological profile of β-myrcene. The main reported biological properties of β-myrcene—anxiolytic, antioxidant, anti-ageing, anti-inflammatory, analgesic properties—are discussed, with the mechanisms of activity. Here we also discuss recent data regarding the safety of β-myrcene. Overall, β-myrcene has shown promising health benefits in many animal studies. However, studies conducted in humans is lacking. In the future, there is potential for the formulation and production of non-alcoholic beers, functional foods and drinks, and cannabis extracts (low in THC) rich in β-myrcene.

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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, myrcene, CAS Registry Number 123-35-3

Cited by 6 publications

References 31 publications

Recent advances in radical polymerization of bio-based monomers in aqueous dispersed media

Recent advances in radical polymerization of bio-based monomers in aqueous dispersed media

Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk

Myrcene—What Are the Potential Health Benefits of This Flavouring and Aroma Agent?

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