Risk Assessment of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins, the Particularities and Challenges of Planktothrix spp. Monitoring

Development of Toxicological Risk Assessment Models for Acute and Chronic Exposure to Pollutants

“…The existing frameworks have four main steps in common: hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response assessment and risk analysis [ 10 ]. In the case of cyanobacterial blooms, the hazard may be the presence of cyanotoxins (e.g., microcystin) [ 8 ]. The purpose of the second step, the exposure assessment, is to determine the exposure pathways and the duration and dose of exposure.…”

“… Conceptual framework for ( a ) acute and ( b ) chronic risk assessment models. Blue boxes present steps from previous risk assessment frameworks (adapted from [ 8 ]). Orange boxes represent steps that are newly incorporated or adapted within this newly proposed framework to allow an accurate estimation of the risk by assessing the probabilities that humans come into contact with undetected pollution (acute framework) or the probability that chronic illnesses are developed (chronic framework).…”

“…In addition, to allow agencies to make decisions on the use of water, a step that determines the potential consequences from coming into contact with the pollutant (consequence category determination) is included in both frameworks. Please note that the activity assessment in the acute framework ( a ) incorporates the duration of exposure, the pattern of exposure and the exposure pathway described in [ 8 ]. Numbers refer to steps described in the method section.…”

“…Their implementation is triggered by the detection of a pollution event. Alert level frameworks differentiate between the seriousness of consequences that arise from a range of exposures, allowing managers to progressively adapt their response by restricting access, passive monitoring or active treatment (e.g., [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]). Their focus is to facilitate response management in that they serve to identify actions to be put into place to reduce the acute risks posed by the immediate, detected occurrence of pollution.…”

Proposta de modelo de exposição humana à saxitoxina em águas de recreação e de abastecimento público do reservatório Itupararanga

“…Na ocasião, 131 pacientes renais crônicos foram expostos às cianotoxinas e 76 foram a óbito (MOLICA et al, 2002). A imbricação dos fatos relatados, aliada a crises no abastecimento de água, provocadas por períodos prolongados de seca e pelo aumento da demanda em função do crescimento das cidades, deverá intensificar o interesse no desenvolvimento de cenários de exposição a cianotoxinas, que já vem sendo demonstrado por alguns autores e agências ambientais (CHORUS;BARTRAM,1999;CODD et al, 2005;WHO, 2008;OEHHA, 2009;CHURRO et al, 2012;NHMRC, NRMMC, 2016).…”