Risk Assessment of Microcystin in Dietary Aphanizomenon flos-aquae

Schaeffer, David J.; Malpas, Phyllis B.; Barton, Larry L.

doi:10.1006/eesa.1999.1816

Cited by 44 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Our observations were also consistent with Schaeffer et al (24) who reported that consumption of 16,666 mg/kg of AFA (equivalent to ＞3,000 mg/kg SE) did not show any toxicity in mice.…”

Section: -Fold (20)supporting

confidence: 93%

The Effect of In Vivo Mobilization of Bone Marrow Stem Cells on the Pancreas of Diabetic Albino Rats (A Histological & Immunohistochemical Study)

Ismail¹,

Kamel²,

Yacoub³

et al. 2013

Int J Stem Cells

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Background and Objectives: The rapidly increasing number of diabetic patients across the world drew the attention to develop more effective therapeutic approaches. Recent investigations on newly differentiated insulin producing cells (IPCs) revealed that they could be derived from embryonic, adult mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells. This work was planned to evaluate the role of StemEnhance (Aphanizomenon flos-aquae [AFA] plant extract) in mobilizing naturally occurring bone marrow stem cells as well as in improving streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods and Results: Twenty adult male albino rats were divided into four groups namely the control, the diabetic, the positive control-StemEnhance and the diabetic-StemEnhance groups. After diabetes induction by streptozotocin (STZ), rats received StemEnhance for four weeks. The mean number of blood CD34 immunopositive cells was measured by flowcytometry and random blood sugar was measured weekly. The pancreas was removed from the sacrificed rats and processed for staining with H&E and immunohistochemical staining for CD34+ve and insulin +ve cells. CD34+ve cells increased in the blood after introduction of StemEnhance. CD34+ve cells were observed in the pancreas and the insulin producing cells in the islets of Langerhans were increased from the second to the fourth week of treatment. Blood glucose level improved but it was still higher than the control level after four weeks of StemEnhance treatment. Conclusions: This work points to the significant role of StemEnhance in stem cell mobilization and the improvement of diabetes mellitus.

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“…Our observations were also consistent with Schaeffer et al (24) who reported that consumption of 16,666 mg/kg of AFA (equivalent to ＞3,000 mg/kg SE) did not show any toxicity in mice.…”

Section: -Fold (20)supporting

confidence: 93%

The Effect of In Vivo Mobilization of Bone Marrow Stem Cells on the Pancreas of Diabetic Albino Rats (A Histological & Immunohistochemical Study)

Ismail¹,

Kamel²,

Yacoub³

et al. 2013

Int J Stem Cells

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“…III. Contrary to the situation for food or water intake, where a natural limitation can be assumed, daily consumption of BGAS are largely dependent on the individual (0.25-20 g) (Gilroy et al, 2000;Schaeffer et al, 1999). In addition, water and food are usually consumed together, that is, in a meal, providing for a different gastrointestinal uptake scenario than for BGAS, which can be taken on an empty stomach.…”

Section: Subchronic To Chronic Intoxication Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If higher amounts are ingested daily, the TDI is exceeded by a multiple of the factors calculated for 2 g/day and in a worst case scenario (8 g BGAS per day) can exceed the TDI by a factor 40-123 and 10-31 in infants and children. The fact that several independent analyses (Hoeger, 2003;Hoeger and Dietrich, 2004;Gilroy et al, 2000;Lawrence et al, 2001;Schaeffer et al, 1999) detected more than 1.0 Ag MC-LR equiv./g dw in 50-100% of the BGAS tested strongly suggests that higher exposures of consumers must be assumed than implicated by mere application of the Oregon Health Division provisional regulatory standard for these products on 23/10/1997. Indeed, these data and the comparison of guidance values calculated for BGAS applied to infants and children at various daily doses strongly demonstrate that the value of such a guidance is questionable.…”

Section: Subchronic To Chronic Intoxication Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidance values for microcystins in water and cyanobacterial supplement products (blue-green algal supplements): a reasonable or misguided approach?

Dietrich

Hoeger

2005

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

325

185

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This article reviews current scientific knowledge on the toxicity and carcinogenicity of microcystins and compares this to the guidance values proposed for microcystins in water by the World Health Organization, and for blue-green algal food supplements by the Oregon State Department of Health. The basis of the risk assessment underlying these guidance values is viewed as being critical due to overt deficiencies in the data used for its generation: (i) use of one microcystin congener only (microcystin-LR), while the other presently known nearly 80 congeners are largely disregarded, (ii) new knowledge regarding potential neuro and renal toxicity of microcystins in humans and (iii) the inadequacies of assessing realistic microcystin exposures in humans and especially in children via blue-green algal food supplements. In reiterating the state-of-the-art toxicology database on microcystins and in the light of new data on the high degree of toxin contamination of algal food supplements, this review clearly demonstrates the need for improved kinetic data of microcystins in humans and for discussion concerning uncertainty factors, which may result in a lowering of the present guidance values and an increased routine control of water bodies and food supplements for toxin contamination. Similar to the approach taken previously by authorities for dioxin or PCB risk assessment, the use of a toxin equivalent approach to the risk assessment of microcystins is proposed. D

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“…These findings confirm other studies showing that, as for AFA, high exposure to StemEnhance does not lead to toxicity. 10,13 The only significant difference in sperm motility due to StemEnhance was a 10% reduction in VCL. Examination of the literature showed that when chemicals affected sperm motility, other velocity metrics (eg, linear velocity) were also affected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Subacute toxicity study in Wistar rats fed with StemEnhanceTM, an extract from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae

Dirikolu¹,

Chakkath²,

Ball-Kell³

et al. 2010

NDS

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This study evaluated the safety (absence of toxicity) of StemEnhance™, an extract of the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae that is used as a health supplement. Groups of 12 rats of each sex were given either 5% glycerin in water (control) or 600 mg/kg of StemEnhance prepared in 5% glycerin in water for 2 weeks by oral gavage followed by 2 weeks of observation. The administration of StemEnhance had no effect on behavior, food and water intake, growth, or survival. Values at the end of dosing and observation periods did not reveal differences between treated and control groups for hematology and clinical chemistry. There were no significant differences in the gross and histopathology of the reproductive organs in either males or females. Sperm motility parameters were similar for control and treated males. Our results show that StemEnhance at doses ∼20 times the maximum label-recommended daily dose did not produce adverse effects in Wistar rats after subacute treatment.

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Risk Assessment of Microcystin in Dietary Aphanizomenon flos-aquae

Cited by 44 publications

References 25 publications

The Effect of In Vivo Mobilization of Bone Marrow Stem Cells on the Pancreas of Diabetic Albino Rats (A Histological & Immunohistochemical Study)

The Effect of In Vivo Mobilization of Bone Marrow Stem Cells on the Pancreas of Diabetic Albino Rats (A Histological & Immunohistochemical Study)

Guidance values for microcystins in water and cyanobacterial supplement products (blue-green algal supplements): a reasonable or misguided approach?

Subacute toxicity study in Wistar rats fed with StemEnhanceTM, an extract from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae

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