Risk Assessment of Moored and Passing Ships

Abstract

Accidents in port areas are generally relatively minor given the lower prevailing speeds, but dangerous cargo terminals located in the vicinity of populated areas present some risk of accidents with catastrophic consequences. The maritime risk assessment frameworks have been developed in many ports, but few include studies incorporating collisions between sailing and moored ships. This paper presents the risk assessment framework for such accidents. Moreover, it presents the important role of harbour regulations in the navigation risk management process within the port area. Today’s port regulations are created mostly based on the good practice of pilots and other experts, whereas quantitative methods are used less frequently. The intention of the presented case study was to demonstrate how quantitative risk assessment may be used in port policy development, which is why the method created is general and may be used in any terminal with dangerous cargo. The multi-stage method consists of several steps that make up a complex methodology, consisting of expert study, real-time simulation—a simulation of a collision in port is presented—and analytical-empirical calculations for consequence assessment. The case studies of the developed method are presented based on two real accidents, one in the Police port along the Świnoujście-Szczecin waterway, and the second in the Port of Koper in Slovenia. The results of this study present the parameters of the ship’s safe approach to the terminal area, such as velocity and approaching angle. These parameters are used to calculate the impact forces in the case of a collision between a moored and passing ship and its consequences on ship integrity as well as on mooring arrangement. Based on probability and consequences, the risk is evaluated and discussed in the sense of port safety. The presented method could be used as the framework for risk assessment of collisions in a port area, particularly when dealing with dangerous cargo or sensitive vessels such as cruise ships.

Determination of the LNG Bunkering Optimization Method for Ports Based on Geometric Aggregation Score Calculation

“…Busan Port handles the largest volume among ports in South Korea. The Busan North Port was the largest container port in South Korea until the opening of Busan New Port, and it has the oldest port facilities among operational ports in South Korea [23]. In the Busan North Port, Sinseondae Pier is the largest pier that can accommodate the largest vessels and volume.…”

“…Lee et al [22] focused on LNG fuel boil-off gas (BOG) management because it is more difficult than normal BOG management; dynamic simulations were conducted using Aspen HYSYS (Aspen Technology, Inc., Bedford, MA, USA), a chemical process simulator used to mathematically model chemical processes. Vidmar et al [23] provided a risk assessment framework for incorporating collisions between sailing and moored ships. Sys et al [24] investigated the most important bunker choice determinants: price per ton, quality of fuel, or other characteristics.…”

Identifying Cognitive Mechanism Underlying Situation Awareness of Pilots’ Unsafe Behaviors Using Quantitative Modeling

“…The analysis showed that most accidents were due to decision errors and were influenced by physical and mental states, environment, and technology [ 17 , 18 ]. Moreover, the performance of unsafe behaviors was usually associated with risk assessment, in which the features of behaviors were embodied through the expert system and machine learning, such as distance, area, and speed in collision events [ 19 , 20 ]. To quantify the unsafe behaviors, researchers, in part, showed that unsafe behaviors were the outcome of exceeding the acceptable threshold, emphasizing the correlation between behaviors and system standards [ 21 , 22 ].…”

A System to Improve Port Navigation Safety and Its Use in Italian Harbours

“…In fact, these phenomena influence the so-called harbour waterside management (optimization of maritime transport, dock performances, vessel mooring, logistics operations, ship loading, maritime works, marine water quality and pollution control). Therefore, their knowledge and forecasting can be very useful in order to minimize the risk of accidents (e.g., stranding of ships) and the consequent environmental impact and economic losses [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”