Risk Behavior and HIV Infection Among New Drug Injectors in the Era of AIDS in New York City

Jarlais, Don C. Des; Friedman, Samuel R.; Perlis, Theresa; Chapman, Tim F.; Sotheran, Jo L.; Paone, Denise; Monterroso, Edgar; Neaigus, Alan

doi:10.1097/00042560-199901010-00010

Cited by 99 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Several studies have found declines in HIV infection rates and risky drug use behaviors among both newer and longer-term injection drug users in New York City during the 1990s. [22][23][24][25][26] National surveillance data suggest that HCV infection incidence in injection drug users is declining throughout the United States.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors associated with prevalent hepatitis C: differences among young adult injection drug users in lower and upper Manhattan, New York City

2001

Am J Public Health

164

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OBJECTIVES: This study examined correlates of prevalent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among young adult injection drug users in 2 neighborhoods in New York City. METHODS: Injection drug users aged 18 to 29 years were street recruited from the Lower East Side and Harlem. Participants were interviewed about drug use and sex practices; venipuncture was performed for hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV, and HIV serologies. RESULTS: In both sites, testing positive for HCV antibody (anti-HCV) was associated with having injected for more than 3 years. Additionally, HCV infection was positively associated with injecting with someone known to have had hepatitis (but the association was significant only in the Lower East Side) and with sharing cotton (but the association was statistically significant only in Harlem). Being in drug treatment and older than 24 years were associated with HCV in the Lower East Side but not in Harlem. Receiving money for sex was associated with anti-HCV positivity in Harlem but not in the Lower East Side. CONCLUSIONS: Several differences in factors associated with prevalent HCV infection existed among 2 populations of young injection drug users from the same city. Indirect transmission of HCV may occur.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Am J Public Health. 2001; 91: [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Injection drug users are at high risk for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. [1][2][3] Although geographic variation exists, HCV rates among injection drug users are often higher than 60% and in many cities approach 90%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with prevalent hepatitis C: differences among young adult injection drug users in lower and upper Manhattan, New York City

2001

Am J Public Health

164

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“…Injection initiation is a significant event in the life of a drug user since it places the person on a trajectory towards increased health risks, including exposure to bloodborne pathogens, drug overdose, and drug dependence (Chitwood et al, 2000;Des Jarlais et al, 1999;. Studies targeting young injection drug users (IDUs) have focused on factors associated with injection initiation (Fuller et al, 2001(Fuller et al, , 2002Roy et al, 2002;Sherman et al, 2002Sherman et al, , 2005 and the impact of injection initiation on future high-risk injection practices (Crofts et al, 1996;Miller et al, 2006;Novelli et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First injection of ketamine among young injection drug users (IDUs) in three U.S. cities

Lankenau¹,

Sanders²,

Bloom³

et al. 2007

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, has emerged as an increasingly common drug among subgroups of young injection drug users (IDUs) in cities across the United States. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 213 young IDUs aged 16-28 years recruited in New York, New Orleans, and Los Angeles between 2004 and 2006. While some initiated injection drug use with ketamine, the drug was more frequently injected by IDUs with extensive polydrug using histories. IDUs initiating with ketamine commonly self-injected via an intramuscular mode of administration. The injection group provided crucial knowledge and material resources that enabled the injection event to occur, including ketamine, syringes, and injection skills. Injection paraphernalia was commonly shared during the first injection of ketamine, particularly vials of pharmaceutically-packaged liquid ketamine. Injection events infrequently occurred in a rave or club and more typically in a private home, which challenges ketamine's designation as a 'club' drug. The first injection of ketamine was a noteworthy event since it introduced a novel drug or new mode of administration to be further explored by some, or exposed others to a drug to be avoided in the future. Risk reduction messages directed towards young IDUs should be expanded to include ketamine.

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“…For instance, injecting drug use has been associated with such health and social consequences as depression, suicidal ideation, incarceration, homelessness, Hepatitis C and of most consequential risk, HIV infection (Campbell et al, 2006;Chitwood et al, 2000;Des Jarlais et al, 1999;Havens, Sherman, Sapun, & Strathdee, 2006;Ochoa et al, 2005;Waldrop-Valverde, Ownby, & Kumar, 2005;Wood et al, 2005). Of the 33, 132 cases of HIV infection reported in 2004, 12 percent of adults and adolescents were IDU associated (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, a growing body of research has focused on the risks associated with making a transition to injecting among NIUs (Chitwood et al, 2000;De La Fuente, Barrio, Royuela, & Bravo, 1997;Des Jarlais et al, 1999;Neaigus et al, 2006;Neaigus et al, 2001). Many of these studies have found that former injectors are at greater risk of making a transition to injecting compared to those who have never injected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Risk Factors for Injecting Among Mexican American Non-Injecting Heroin Users

Valdez

Neaigus

Cepeda

2007

Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse

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SUMMARYThis study examines potential risk factors for resuming and transitioning to injecting among a prospective cohort of 300 Mexican American non-injecting heroin users (NIUs) with distinct injecting histories (i.e., never vs. former injectors). Overall. findings revealed NIUs with an injecting history are more likely to be at greater risk for resuming injecting practices. Of interest, scoring high on acculturation decreased the risk of being a former injector. The present analysis supports previous research, and more importantly further identifies potential risk factors for injecting that are unique to the cultural and social context of the Mexican American community.

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Risk Behavior and HIV Infection Among New Drug Injectors in the Era of AIDS in New York City

Abstract: The new injectors appear to have adopted the reduced risk injection practices of long-term injectors in the city. HIV infection among new injectors, however, must still be considered a considerable public health problem in New York City.

Cited by 99 publications

References 14 publications

Factors associated with prevalent hepatitis C: differences among young adult injection drug users in lower and upper Manhattan, New York City

Factors associated with prevalent hepatitis C: differences among young adult injection drug users in lower and upper Manhattan, New York City

First injection of ketamine among young injection drug users (IDUs) in three U.S. cities

Potential Risk Factors for Injecting Among Mexican American Non-Injecting Heroin Users

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