RISK Factor Identification of COVID-19 Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Abstract

Objectives: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects a large part of the population around the world between the ages forty-one to seventy-one years. However, by combining the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the SARS-Cov-2 virus on COPD patients, we may be able to overcome factors that have a significant impact on our success. Moreover, we have to investigate the relationship between the diagnosis and its influencing factors to possibly overcome the emerging causes of this disease. Methods: A retrospective study of 280 patients was conducted at DHQ Hospital Muzaffargarh in Punjab, Pakistan. Negative binomial regression describes the risk of fixed successive variables. Cox proportional hazard model, and the model co-efficient is observed using log-likelihood. Kaplan-Meier curves showed how long COPD patients survived or died. Results: The increased risk of death in COPD patients was due to the effects of variables such as cough, lower respiratory tract infection, tuberculosis, and body aches being 1.369, 0.693, 0.170, and 0.217 times higher, while it decreased by 0.396 in normal conditions. Conclusion: We found that the symptoms of COPD (cough, lower respiratory tract infection, tuberculosis, and body aches) are statistically significant in patients who were most infected by COVID-19 and SARS-Cov-2.

Inhaled corticosteroids andStenotrophomonas maltophiliain outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective cohort study

“…ICS are associated with an increased risk of adverse effects such as pneumonia,4 5 osteoporosis and diabetes 6 7. Additionally, infections with other Gram-negative opportunistic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and mycobacterial infections, have been associated with ICS use in patients with COPD, both associated with worsened outcome 8–14. However, no knowledge on ICS in relation to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia exists.…”

Immunocompromised individuals are at increased risk of COVID‐19 breakthrough infection, hospitalization, and death in the post‐vaccination era: A systematic review

“…6 This is heightened by the baseline increased risk that IC patients have to developing COVID-19 infection and severe COVID-19 outcomes. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Additionally, between the COVID-19 waves in England, the trends in risk reduction for IC patients did not follow that of the general population. 2 Despite the relaxing of COVID-19 public health measurers for the general public in the United Kingdom, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) UK estimates that at the end of December 2022, 1 in 20 people living in England were testing positive for COVID-19.…”