Risk Factors and Patient Profile of Infective Endocarditis due to <i>Gemella spp.</i>

Abstract

Background. The diagnosis of infective endocarditis is difficult, especially when it involves atypical organisms. Therefore, our study identified risk factors of infective endocarditis caused by rare pathogen, Gemella spp . Methods. A systematic review was conducted to investigate characteristics of endocarditis patients infected with Gemella spp. using the search term “ Gemella ” and “endocarditis.” Case reports were gathered by searching Medline/Pubmed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases. 83 articles were selected for review. Results. Five species of Gemella were identified. Typical patients were males between 31 and 45 years of age. On admission, patients had fever, tachycardia, and normal blood pressure. Common clinical manifestation other than fever included fatigue and weakness, chills and sweating, and nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight changes. One in four reported a history of congenital heart disease, and a recent oral cavity infection. Laboratory tests reveal anemia, leukocytosis, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation in all age groups, elevated C-reactive protein is observed among adult and geriatric populations only. Mitral and aortic valves were most commonly infected by Gemella spp. . The most common Gemella spp. -susceptible antibiotics were penicillin, vancomycin, cephalosporin, macrolide, and aminoglycosides. However, antibiotic resistance was observed against penicillin, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone. Antibiotic course of at least six weeks resulted in superior clinical improvements than durations under six weeks. Finally, one in two patients underwent valve replacement or repair, with common complications affecting the cardiovascular, neurological, and renal systems. Finally, death occurred in 1 in 8 patients, half of which occurred post-surgical procedure, and the majority occurring equal to or greater than 1 week from admission. Conclusion. Our systematic review highlights the importance of considering rare pathogens, particularly in the presence of predisposing risk factors.

A Case of Gemella morbillorum Causing Multi-valvular Endocarditis

“…Morbillorum and haemolysans were the most common. The aortic and mitral valves were the most commonly affected [ 5 ]. The most common form of presentation was subacute IE with days to weeks of fatigue and malaise [ 3 , 4 , 6 ].…”

Gemella sanguinis Infective Endocarditis—Challenging Management of an 8-Year-Old with Duchenne Dystrophy and Undiagnosed Congenital Heart Disease: A Case Report

“…Additionally, this case illustrates that IE is not always due to typical microorganisms; in recent years, many cases of IE with non-typical germs have been reported. However, the Gemella genus is rare and involved in infectious endocarditis, Sanguinis being the least common of all Gemella species [ 8 , 9 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Less commonly, this germ has been reported to cause IE in pediatric patients, with few cases among children reported in the literature [ 6 , 20 ].…”