Risk factors associated with Chlamydia psittaci infection in psittacine birds

Santos, Flávia de Souza; Leal, Danielle Custódio; Raso, Tânia de Freitas; Souza, Bárbara Maria Paraná da Silva; Cunha, Rogério de Magalhães; Martínez, Víctor Hernán; Barrouin‐Melo, Stella Maria; Franke, Carlos Roberto

doi:10.1099/jmm.0.060632-0

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…For example, the predominance of cloacal excretion, as observed in the present study, indicates that animals are chronically infected, whereas greater levels of bacteria in the oropharynx suggest earlier stages of infection. Similarly, in a study with 311 psittacids from commercial establishments and owners in Salvador (Bahia State, Brazil), the incidence of Chlamydophila infection was 10.6% (33/311), with 9.3% (29/311) confirmed from cloacal samples and only 1.3% (4/308) confirmed from oropharynx samples (SANTOS et al, 2014). This indicates a pattern of chronic and persistent contamination in breeding sites, as observed in the present study.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Clinical and molecular diagnosis of Chlamydophila in captive parrots in Pará State, Brazil

Araújo

Pereira

Silva

et al. 2019

SCA

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Parrots (Order Psittaciformes) are globally distributed birds that, together with members of the Columbiformes, represent the most susceptible animals, in regards to infection by Chlamydophila psittaci, which is an obligate, zoonotic, intracellular bacterium that causes chlamydiosis in domestic and wild birds and psittacosis in humans. The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of C. psittaci in Brazilian psittacids kept in conservation breeding sites in Pará State, Brazil. Cloacal and oropharynx swab samples were collected from 201 psittacids that were distributed among four breeding sites: Metropolitan Area of Belém (C1 and C2), Northeastern Pará (C3), and Low Amazon (C4). The samples were screened for C. psittaci using semi-nested PCR, and the resulting incidence data were analyzed using proportion and chi-square tests. Chlamydophila infection was confirmed for all the breeding sites, with an overall prevalence of 31.84%, and no species-specific predisposition was observed. Furthermore, 13.93% of the sampled birds eliminated the infectious agent by the cloaca, whereas 11.44% eliminated the agent by the oropharynx, and 6.47% eliminated the agent by both routes. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the incidence of Chlamydophila infection of breeding sites C2 and C3 (p=0.029), which yielded the smallest and largest number of diagnosed cases, respectively. In the present study, most of the birds (27.86%) were considered unapparent carriers of Chlamydophila infection, and only 3.98% of the birds yielded both a positive diagnosis and clinical signs of chlamydiosis.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Clinical and molecular diagnosis of Chlamydophila in captive parrots in Pará State, Brazil

Araújo

Pereira

Silva

et al. 2019

SCA

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“…The higher frequency of C. psittaci in cloacal swabs compared to choanal ones suggests longer time post exposure to the bacteria, once initial infections tend to stay primarily in the respiratory tract, being subsequently eliminated in feces (Andersen, 1996). These results corroborate to previous report (Santos et al, 2014;Raso et al, 2006) where C. psittaci semi-nested PCR detection in psittacine birds was more frequently in cloaca samples than oropharynx and tracheal ones. However, in another study (Andersen, 1996), it was found greater isolation rate of C. psittaci in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) from pharyngeal swabs (80.4%), while fecal and cloacal resulted in positivity of 45.1% and 37.3%, respectively.…”

Section: Frequency Of C Psittaci In the Macaws Evaluatedsupporting

confidence: 90%

Chlamydia psittaci in captive blue-and-gold macaws (Ara ararauna) in a triage center of wild animals in Brazil

Vasconcelos¹,

Nogueira²,

Pereira³

et al. 2016

RBCV

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Chlamydia psittaci infection stands out due to its zoonotic potential. It was detected in several orders, being Psittaciformes its main reservoir. Our objective was to investigate the occurrence of C. psittaci infection by clinical and environmental examination, as well as agent detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from choanal and cloacal swabs in 46 blue-and-gold macaws (Ara ararauna) allocated at the Triage Center of Wild Animals, Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The frequency of positive detection of the bacteria found was 50% (23/46) by cloacal swab. In this percentual, 26.09% (12/23) were also positive by choanal swab, being the probability of detection 2.83 times higher for cloacal swabs when compared to choanal ones (p<0.05). There was no association between body condition, temperature variations and PCR positivity for C. psittaci, being 34.78% of positive individuals asymptomatic to this disease. Therefore, our findings show agent's dispersion at the squad and high frequency of asymptomatic birds. Considering the possibility of contagion to workers and free living birds, the quarantine in wildlife conservation and support centers, as well as the care with hygiene and individual protection for humans who deal with the animals, should be strictly followed even in the absence of clinical signs. ResumoInfecções por Chlamydia psittaci destacam-se devido ao seu potencial zoonótico. Tal agente foi detectado em diversas ordens, sendo Psittaciformes seu principal reservatório. Objetivando-se demonstrar a ocorrência de tal processo infeccioso, procedeu-se investigação clínica e ambiental, associada à detecção do agente etiológico por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), a partir de swabs de coana e cloaca de 46 araras-canindés (Ara ararauna) pertencentes ao Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres do Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Renováveis, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Obteve-se uma frequência de detecção de 50% (23/46) a partir de swabs de cloaca. Entre esses, 26.09% (12/23) foram também positivos por meio de swab de coana, sendo a probabilidade de detecção 2,83 vezes maior a partir de swabs de cloaca que de coana (p<0.05). Não houve associação entre condição corporal, variação de temperatura e detecção do agente por PCR, sendo 34,78% dos indivíduos positivos assintomáticos. Portanto, nossos resultados demonstram a dispersão do agente no plantel e alta frequência de assintomáticos. Devido à possibilidade de contágio para trabalhadores e aves de vida livre, a quarentena nos centros de suporte e conservação da vida silvestre, assim como os cuidados com higiene e proteção individual para com os trabalhadores que lidam com os animais devem ser seguidas rigidamente, mesmo na ausência de sinais ou sintomas nas aves.Palavras-chave: clamidiose, aves, infecção.

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“…Also, the fact that fewer infected birds were raised in cages (36%) than in aviaries (82%) suggests that the environmental, management, and hygienic conditions of the birds kept in households and cages reduces the chance of C. psittaci infection (Santos et al . ). The high prevalence of C. psittaci infections in psittacine birds raised in pet markets and aviaries may be explained by the mixed feeding, stress factors, the dirty and stuffy environment at pet markets, in addition to birds being traded at a young age (Zhang et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Chlamydia psittaci infections in psittacine birds have been reported previously in Brazil (Santos et al . ), China (Zhang et al . ), Japan (Saito et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors associated withChlamydia psittaciinfections in psittacine birds and bird handlers

2018

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Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and potential risk factors associated with Chlamydia psittaci infections in psittacine birds and bird handlers in Egypt. Methods and Results: A total of 190 swabs were collected from psittacine birds (n = 120) and bird handlers (n = 70) and were tested by polymerase chain reaction to detect the C. psittaci ompA gene. Chlamydia psittaci DNA was detected in 63 (52Á5%) of 120 samples collected from psittacine birds. The occurrence of C. psittaci infections was high in Cockatiel birds (60%), followed by Fischer's lovebird (51%) and Rosy-faced lovebird (47Á5%). Bird age, location (pet markets and households), housing (caged and aviary), and sampling season were considered significant risk factors for C. psittaci infections in psittacine birds. Of the 70 sputum swabs collected from bird handlers, only 4 (6%) were positive for C. psittaci. Positive cases were closely associated with older persons (≥30 years) who had respiratory signs and handled birds in pet markets. Further, wearing protective gloves and washing hands when handling psittacine birds decreased the frequency of C. psittaci infections in bird handlers. Conclusions: The prevalence of C. psittaci infections in psittacine birds in Egypt is high, which has a potential threat to human health in this area. Thus, dissemination of effective prevention and control measures is essential to prevent the spread of C. psittaci among psittacine birds, as well as among humans in contact with birds. Significance and Impact of the Study: Results from this study highlighted the risk factors associated with C. psittaci infections in psittacine birds and bird handlers in Egypt and will aid in developing prevention and control measures to reduce the risk of C. psittaci infection.

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Risk factors associated with Chlamydia psittaci infection in psittacine birds

Cited by 18 publications

References 22 publications

Clinical and molecular diagnosis of Chlamydophila in captive parrots in Pará State, Brazil

Clinical and molecular diagnosis of Chlamydophila in captive parrots in Pará State, Brazil

Chlamydia psittaci in captive blue-and-gold macaws (Ara ararauna) in a triage center of wild animals in Brazil

Risk factors associated withChlamydia psittaciinfections in psittacine birds and bird handlers

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