Risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes of COVID-19 patients on the 28th day of the disease course: a retrospective cohort study in Bangladesh

Abstract

Diverse risk factors intercede the outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We conducted this retrospective cohort study with a cohort of 1016 COVID-19 patients diagnosed in May 2020 to identify the risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes. Data were collected by telephone-interview and reviewing records using a questionnaire and checklist. The study identified morbidity and mortality risk factors on the 28th day of the disease course. The majority of the patients were male (64.1%) and belonged to the age group 25–39 years (39.4%). Urban patients were higher in proportion than rural (69.3% vs. 30.7%). Major comorbidities included 35.0% diabetes mellitus (DM), 28.4% hypertension (HTN), 16.6% chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 7.8% coronary heart disease (CHD). The morbidity rate (not-cured) was 6.0%, and the mortality rate (non-survivor) was 2.5%. Morbidity risk factors included elderly (AOR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.31–4.99), having comorbidity (AOR = 1.43, 95% CI = 0.83–2.47), and smokeless tobacco use (AOR = 2.17, 95% CI = 0.84–5.61). The morbidity risk was higher with COPD (RR = 2.68), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (RR = 3.33) and chronic liver disease (CLD) (RR = 3.99). Mortality risk factors included elderly (AOR = 7.56, 95% CI = 3.19–17.92), having comorbidity (AOR = 5.27, 95% CI = 1.88–14.79) and SLT use (AOR = 1.93, 95% CI = 0.50–7.46). The mortality risk was higher with COPD (RR = 7.30), DM (RR = 2.63), CHD (RR = 4.65), HTN (RR = 3.38), CKD (RR = 9.03), CLD (RR = 10.52) and malignant diseases (RR = 9.73). We must espouse programme interventions considering the morbidity and mortality risk factors to condense the aggressive outcomes of COVID-19.

Health-related quality of life of adult COVID-19 patients following one-month illness experience since diagnosis: findings of a cross-sectional study in Bangladesh

“…By occupation, nearly half of the patients were service holders. In this respect, the study conducted by Islam MZ et al [1] also found the majority of the patients as service holders but it was relatively lower (32.5%) than the current study. It could be justified by the reality that a remarkable segment of the people of Bangladesh are involved in diverse private and public jobs for their survival, and they have to move outside to attend their job stations.…”

“…Around half of the COVID-19 patients were young adults (age group 30-49 years) and only 11.0% of the patients were elderly (age group 60-90 years). The demographic profile of Bangladesh depicts that 40.07% of the population belongs to the age group of 25–54 years and only 6.42% belongs to the age group >60 years [1]. In this regard, it could be claimed that the age distribution of the patients is in alignment with the national age distribution.…”

“…An almost equal number of the COVID-19 patients reported from the urban (50.2%) and rural (49.8%) communities. Another study conducted by Islam MZ et al in Bangladesh [1] revealed different findings where patients were reported more from the urban communities. Though these two studies were conducted in the same country, a different result may be due to differences in the study periods.…”

“…Coronavirus is a newly emergent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, which presented as an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause [1]. The virus causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was declared as a global emergency on 30 January 2020 and as a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by World Health Organization [1]. Several extreme public health measures like home confinement, the lockdown of cities, limited human mobilities, an extension of national holidays, and closure of academic institutions, etc.…”

Health-related Quality of Life of the Adult COVID-19 Patients Following One-month Illness Experience Since Diagnosis: Findings of a Cross-sectional Study in Bangladesh

“…The present study also portrayed that more than one-third (35.5%) of the COVID-19 patients had different comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischaemic heart disease, chronic lung, kidney, and liver diseases. The former study conducted by Islam MZ et al [1] also identi ed nearly the same proportion (33.9%) of the COVID-19 patients having comorbidities including hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, cancers, chronic lung, kidney, and lier diseases. The comorbid patients were at higher risk of worse morbidity and mortality consequences of COVID-19, and they were referred to health facilities to exclude COVID-19.…”