Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer in Rural Areas of Wuhan China: a Matched Case-control Study

Abstract

Cervical cancer is a serious public health problem in developing countries. We investigated possible risk factors for cervical cancer in rural areas of Wuhan China using a matched case-control study with 33 women diagnosed with cervical cancer and 132 healthy women selected from the same area as matched controls. A questionnaire, which included questions about general demography conditions, environmental and genetic factors, the first sexual intercourse, first marriage age, age at first pregnancy, pregnancy first child's age, female personal health history, social psychological factors, dietary habits, smoking and alcohol status and other living habits was presented to all participants. At the same time, HPV infection of every participant was examined in laboratory testing. Results showed HPV infection (P<0.000, OR=23.4) and pregnancy first child's age (P<0.000, OR=13.1) to be risk factors for cervical cancer. Menopause (P=0.003, OR=0.073) was a protective factor against cervical cancer. However, there was no indication of associations of environmental (drinking water, insecticide, disinfectant) genetic (cancer family history), or life-style factors (smoking status, alcohol status, physical training, sleep quality), including dietary habits (intake of fruit and vegetable, meat, fried food, bean products and pickled food) or social psychological factors with cervical cancer. The results suggest that the risk of cervical cancer in Chinese rural women may be associated with HPV infection, menopause and the pregnancy first child's age.

ERK1/2 promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of human cervical cancer cells and regulated the expression of c-Fos and c-Jun proteins

“…There are many risk factors that could cause cervical carcinoma, such as sex at an early age, multiple sexual partners, multiparty, smoking, hormonal contraceptives, immunosuppression or certain infections. Among those, persistent infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading factor [1,2]. Though recently two prophylactic vaccines against the high-risk strains of HPV (HPV-16 and 18) have been developed and carried out in more than 100 countries in the world, they are not widely used in developing countries.…”

Pap Smear Combined with HPV Testing: A Reasonable Tool for Women with High-grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Treated by LEEP

“…The previous studies have revealed the result coincident with the augmentation of cervical cancer among the young women before 40 years old in certain countries (Quinn et al, 1999. Li et al, 2004Zhang et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2014;Shen et al, 2014;Du et al, 2014). The median age of the total patients with histologically confirmed CIN II-III at the time of the treatment is 35.12 years old (range 19-57), 44 women among them were diagnosed as cervical carcinoma in situ with 36.12 years old as the median age; moreover, there was no significant statistic difference at the median age between women with residual/recurrent case (34.68 years old) and non recurrent cases (35.26 years old).…”

Association Between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Subsequent Risk of Cancer: a Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies

“…In addition to breast cancer, several epidemiological studies also reported links between pregnancy characteristics and other types of cancer. These include: a) low age of first gestation increases the risk of cervical cancer (OR=13.1, 95%CI: 3.7-47.3) (Zhang et al, 2013); b) multiple births lower the risk of nonmucinous ovarian cancer (OR=0.71, 95%CI: 0.52-0.98) (Whiteman et al, 2000); c) preterm deliveries endanger women in (RR=2.3, 95%CI: 1.3-3.8) and low birth weight (RR=0.7; 95%CI:0.4-1.0) protects women from developing epithelial ovarian cancer (Mucci et al, 2007) etc. The links between DM and cancer seem to be relatively clear.…”