Risk Factors for Early Myocardial Infarction in South Asians Compared With Individuals in Other Countries

Abstract

and Nepal account for about a quarter of the world's population and contribute the highest proportion of the burden of cardiovascular diseases compared with any other region globally. [1][2][3] South Asian migrants living in several countries have higher death rates from coronary heart disease (CHD) at younger ages compared with the local population despite apparently lower levels of conventional risk factors. [4][5][6][7][8] Deaths related to cardiovascular disease also occur 5 to 10 years earlier in South Asian countries than they do in Western countries. 9,10 This has raised the possibility that South Asians exhibit a special susceptibility for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) that is not explained by traditional risk factors.Among individuals living in the United Kingdom,theearlieronsetofCHDamong

The Association of Duration of Residence in the United States with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among South Asian Immigrants

“…The nutritional consequences of migrating from a low-income country to the US are similar to the nutritional consequences of migrating from a rural lifestyle to an urban lifestyle and similar to the effects of ''modernization'' in developing countries [19][20][21]. These consequences include increases reported for various nutrition-related CVD risk factors, including increased intake of saturated fats (i.e., animal foods), refined carbohydrates, sodium and decreased intake of dietary fiber and potassium [5]. In California, South Asian men ages 25-44 years have three times the relative risk of death from CVD in comparison to the age-matched general population [4].…”

“…People in South Asian countries have earlier incidence and greater premature mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) than people in Western countries, a disparity that persists for South Asian immigrants in developed countries [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. A case-control comparison of age of first acute myocardial infarction between five South Asian countries and 47 other countries concluded that the observed disparities could be attributed to higher levels of standard risk factors at earlier ages in South Asians compared to citizens of other countries [5].…”

“…A case-control comparison of age of first acute myocardial infarction between five South Asian countries and 47 other countries concluded that the observed disparities could be attributed to higher levels of standard risk factors at earlier ages in South Asians compared to citizens of other countries [5]. The authors speculated that the observed increase in CVD risk observed in South Asian countries could be attributed to the effects of increasing urbanization on CVD risk factors [5].…”

“…A case-control comparison of age of first acute myocardial infarction between five South Asian countries and 47 other countries concluded that the observed disparities could be attributed to higher levels of standard risk factors at earlier ages in South Asians compared to citizens of other countries [5]. The authors speculated that the observed increase in CVD risk observed in South Asian countries could be attributed to the effects of increasing urbanization on CVD risk factors [5]. The nutritional consequences of migrating from a low-income country to the US are similar to the nutritional consequences of migrating from a rural lifestyle to an urban lifestyle and similar to the effects of ''modernization'' in developing countries [19][20][21].…”

Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among rural population of elderly in Wardha district

“…2 It is now well known that conventional risk factors (smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, unhealthy diet, and reduced physical activity) together account for more than 95% of population-attributable risk for CVD, and novel risk factors have only a small contribution to make. 3 These risk factors, attributed to a set of life-style changes are prevalent both in urban and rural India. 4 Most previous risk-factor studies have focused on young and middle aged adults, and results from these are usually extrapolated to elderly.…”