Risk Factors for Nipah Virus Infection among Pteropid Bats, Peninsular Malaysia

Rahman, Sohayati Abdul; Hassan, Latiffah; Epstein, Jonathan H.; Mamat, Zaini Che; Yatim, Aziz M.; Hassan, Sharifah Syed; Field, Hume; Hughes, Tom; Westrum, Justin; Naim, Mark; Suri, Arshad Siti; Jamaluddin, Aziz; Daszak, Peter

doi:10.3201/eid1901.120221

Cited by 54 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The serology findings corroborate those of Johara et al , 2001 [1], Sendow et al, 2006 [12] and Rahman et al 2013 [31] and indicate that Nipah virus and potentially cross-reacting henipaviruses are endemic in P. vampyrus across their geographic range.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Nipah Virus in the Fruit Bat Pteropus vampyrus in Sumatera, Indonesia

et al. 2013

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Nipah virus causes periodic livestock and human disease with high case fatality rate, and consequent major economic, social and psychological impacts. Fruit bats of the genus Pteropus are the natural reservoir. In this study, we used real time PCR to screen the saliva and urine of P. vampyrus from North Sumatera for Nipah virus genome. A conventional reverse transcriptase (RT-PCR) assay was used on provisionally positive samples to corroborate findings. This is the first report of Nipah virus detection in P. vampyrus in Sumatera, Indonesia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Nipah Virus in the Fruit Bat Pteropus vampyrus in Sumatera, Indonesia

et al. 2013

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“…The pattern was specific to adult female bats and coincided with late pregnancy and lactation (Baker et al 2014). Similar results were obtained in a bat serum survey in Malaysia, in which bats most likely to be positive for henipavirus antibodies were adult females that were either pregnant, lactating, or had a dependent pup (Rahman et al 2013). These studies collectively suggest that seasonal reproductive stress is a contributory factor causing seasonal increases in NiV infection and shedding, and therefore increased probability of human exposure to contaminated fruit or date palm sap.…”

Section: Ecological Factors Driving Zoonotic Paramyxovirus Emergencesupporting

confidence: 78%

Zoonotic Potential of Emerging Paramyxoviruses

Thibault

Watkinson

Moreira-Soto

et al. 2017

Advances in Virus Research

113

102

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The risk of spillover of enzootic paramyxoviruses, and the susceptibility of recipient human and domestic animal populations, are defined by a broad collection of ecological and molecular factors that interact in ways that are not yet fully understood. Nipah and Hendra viruses were the first highly-lethal zoonotic paramyxoviruses discovered in modern times, but other paramyxoviruses from multiple genera are present in bats and other reservoirs that have unknown potential to spill over into humans. We outline our current understanding of paramyxovirus reservoir hosts and the ecological factors that may drive spillover, and we explore the molecular barriers to spillover that emergent paramyxoviruses may encounter. By outlining what is known about enzootic paramyxovirus receptor usage, mechanisms of innate immune evasion, and other host-specific interactions, we highlight the breadth of unexplored avenues that may be important in understanding paramyxovirus emergence.

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“…Host species contact inferred here using ectoparasite population genetic structure may provide insight as to how NiV can be maintained in some bat populations with relatively small census sizes, e.g. Pteropus hypomelanus [101], and why it may be so widespread among Pteropus spp in the region [92-94,102]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lack of population genetic structure and host specificity in the bat fly, Cyclopodia horsfieldi, across species of Pteropus bats in Southeast Asia

et al. 2013

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BackgroundPopulation-level studies of parasites have the potential to elucidate patterns of host movement and cross-species interactions that are not evident from host genealogy alone. Bat flies are obligate and generally host-specific blood-feeding parasites of bats. Old-World flies in the family Nycteribiidae are entirely wingless and depend on their hosts for long-distance dispersal; their population genetics has been unstudied to date.MethodsWe collected a total of 125 bat flies from three Pteropus species (Pteropus vampyrus, P. hypomelanus, and P. lylei) from eight localities in Malaysia, Cambodia, and Vietnam. We identified specimens morphologically and then sequenced three mitochondrial DNA gene fragments (CoI, CoII, cytB; 1744 basepairs total) from a subset of 45 bat flies. We measured genetic diversity, molecular variance, and population genetic subdivision (FST), and used phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses to quantify parasite genetic structure across host species and localities.ResultsAll flies were identified as Cyclopodia horsfieldi with the exception of two individuals of Eucampsipoda sundaica. Low levels of population genetic structure were detected between populations of Cyclopodia horsfieldi from across a wide geographic range (~1000 km), and tests for isolation by distance were rejected. AMOVA results support a lack of geographic and host-specific population structure, with molecular variance primarily partitioned within populations. Pairwise FST values from flies collected from island populations of Pteropus hypomelanus in East and West Peninsular Malaysia supported predictions based on previous studies of host genetic structure.ConclusionsThe lack of population genetic structure and morphological variation observed in Cyclopodia horsfieldi is most likely due to frequent contact between flying fox species and subsequent high levels of parasite gene flow. Specifically, we suggest that Pteropus vampyrus may facilitate movement of bat flies between the three Pteropus species in the region. We demonstrate the utility of parasite genetics as an additional layer of information to measure host movement and interspecific host contact. These approaches may have wide implications for understanding zoonotic, epizootic, and enzootic disease dynamics. Bat flies may play a role as vectors of disease in bats, and their competence as vectors of bacterial and/or viral pathogens is in need of further investigation.

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Risk Factors for Nipah Virus Infection among Pteropid Bats, Peninsular Malaysia

Abstract: Infection rates may be higher during pregnancy and lactation.

Cited by 54 publications

References 31 publications

Nipah Virus in the Fruit Bat Pteropus vampyrus in Sumatera, Indonesia

Nipah Virus in the Fruit Bat Pteropus vampyrus in Sumatera, Indonesia

Zoonotic Potential of Emerging Paramyxoviruses

Lack of population genetic structure and host specificity in the bat fly, Cyclopodia horsfieldi, across species of Pteropus bats in Southeast Asia

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