Risk factors for recurrence of clinical signs associated with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation in dogs: 229 cases (1994–2000)

Mayhew, Philipp D.; McLear, Robert C.; Ziemer, Lisa S.; Culp, William T. N.; Russell, Kelli N.; Shofer, Frances S.; Kapatkin, Amy S.; Smith, Gail K.

doi:10.2460/javma.2004.225.1231

Cited by 74 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Our results suggest that sex hormones might influence the cause of TL-IVDH in Japan. The thoracolumbar spine, particularly the T11-L2 region, is affected in the majority of cases, with a reported frequency range of 66 to 86.1% [2,5,9,19,21,25,27]. Thus our data is in agreement with past reports.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…In our current study, females made up 35.2% of the TL-IVDH group and males made up the other 64.8%, indicating that male dogs tend to suffer TL-IVDH, as well as C-IVDH, at a rate almost twice that of females. The majority of previous reports indicate that both sexes are at equal risk [15,19,21,23], but one report from Canada is in agreement with our results [2]. Since different data have been reported, it remains controversial whether sex can be considered a risk factor for TL-IVDH.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…In this study, the breeds most commonly suffering TL-IVDH were the Dachshund (53.3%) followed by the Beagle (13.3%). Similar results have been reported previously, showing that the Dachshund and Beagle were the breeds most commonly presenting TL-IVDH, accounting for 34.7% to 65.7% and 2.9% to 10.9% of cases, respectively [2,3,10,12,14,16,17,19,[21][22][23]. Our data from Japan concerning the susceptibilities of other pure breeds is closely similar to previous reports from the U.S.A. Age at admission in this study agreed with previous data that indicated 5.1 to 6.5 years of age [7, 9, 15-17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…between June 1991 and June 2004 were studied retrospectively to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of cervical and thoracolumbar IVDH in dogs in Japan. The percentages of small-and medium-breed dogs were 97.7% and 98.8% in the C-IVDD and TL-IVDD groups, respectively, and these percentages were higher than those in foreign research [4,8,17,19,21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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A Retrospective Study of Intervertebral Disc Herniation in Dogs in Japan: 297 Cases

et al. 2008

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ABSTRACT. We investigated the epidemiological characteristics of intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) in Japan in a large population using a retrospective study. The sample population was dogs (n=297) with IVDH in Japan. Medical records were reviewed for breed, sex, age, affected interspace and neurological severity. The dogs were comprised of 132 cases of cervical IVDH (C-IVDH) and 165 cases of thoracolumbar IVDH (TL-IVDH). In Japan, the Dachshund, Beagle and Shih Tzu tended to suffer from both C-IVDH and TL-IVDH. The Shiba Inu, a characteristic Japanese dog breed, suffered from both C-IVDH and TL-IVDH, although there was little data relating to the whole breed. Male dogs tended to suffer from C-IVDH and TL-IVDH at a rate almost twice that of females in Japan. Among the three predominant dog breeds, the Dachshund, Beagle and Shih Tzu, the Dachshund tended to suffer from both C-IVDH and TL-IVDH at an earlier age than the Beagle, and the Beagle tended to suffer from both C-IVDH and TL-IVDH earlier than the Shih Tzu. Among the three predominant breeds, the Shih Tzu, in particular, tended to suffer from both C-IVDH and TL-IVDH at multiple sites. Our data from Japan were in partial agreement with previous data from the U.S.A., and epidemiological characteristics of IVDH peculiar to Japan were also identified. KEY WORDS: age at admission, canine, chondrodystrophoid dog, epidemiological study, intervertebral disc disease.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 70 (7): [701][702][703][704][705][706] 2008 Cervical and thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) is a common cause of spinal cord dysfunction in dogs seen in small animal practice [1]. Herniation of the disc causes various grades of myelopathy, including pain, paresis and sometimes permanent paralysis. The epidemiology of IVDH in dogs has been widely studied in the U.S.A., with studies investigating a variety of epidemiological factors including breed, sex, age, location of affected interspace, the time between onset of clinical signs to having a medical examination and the severity of the clinical signs. In particular, many reports have suggested that chondrodystrophoid dog breeds tend to suffer from IVDH, with a mean age at admission that differs significantly from other breeds [6,12,13,18,22]. Epidemiological data provide clinical veterinarians with an advantage prior to diagnosis or medical treatment of IVDH. However, in Japan, the epidemiological characteristics of IVDH in dogs have not been studied sufficiently [20]. Differences in the epidemiological characteristics of IVDH in dogs between the U.S.A. and Japan might exist because the characteristics of the disease may depend in part on the canine population or the living environment of the country. To establish whether this is the case, it is necessary to examine original Japanese epidemiological data for IVDH in dogs. Therefore, we investigated the epidemiological characteristics of IVDH in Japan in a large population using a retrospective study, and in particular, evaluated the association between specific br...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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A Retrospective Study of Intervertebral Disc Herniation in Dogs in Japan: 297 Cases

et al. 2008

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“…In this study, the ratio of males to females differed between the groups. The majority of previous reports indicate that both sexes are at equal risk of developing disc degeneration [15,19,20,23], indicating that sex does not relate to the process of intervertebral disc degeneration. The difference in the sex ratio might not influence our results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Type X Collagen Expression in the Extruded Nucleus Pulposus of the Chondrodystrophoid Dog

Itoh

Asou

Hara

et al. 2008

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The causes of early degeneration and calcification of the nucleus pulposus in the chondrodystrophoid dog are poorly understood, and the underlying molecular mechanism of this process has not yet been clearly defined. Type X collagen is one of the key molecules in endochondral bone growth and development, especially matrix calcification. The relationship between type X collagen and disc degeneration and calcification in chondrodystrophoid dogs has not yet been studied. We analyzed the expression of type X collagen in degeneration and calcification of the intervertebral disc in chondrodystrophoid dogs, using type X collagen immunohistochemistry. Control intervertebral discs were collected from five dogs (4 female, 1 male, average age 1.3 years, beagle breed). Degenerated intervertebral discs were surgically removed from 11 canine patients with intervertebral disc extrusion (1 female, 10 male, average age 5.1 years, dachshund breed) in Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University. All extruded disc samples showed hypertrophic changes and clustering of cells, typical features observed in the degenerated nucleus pulposus. The relative expression of type X collagen in the degenerated nucleus pulposus (84.3 ± 11.0%) was significantly increased compared to the control nucleus pulposus (5.4 ± 5.4%). Our findings suggest that type X collagen might contribute to the development of degeneration or calcification in the nucleus pulposus of the chondrodystrophoid dog. KEY WORDS: chondrodystrophoid dog, degenerated disc, type X collagen.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 70(1): 37-42, 2008 Intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) is a common cause of spinal cord dysfunction in dogs [4,25]. Disc extrusion results from rupture of the outer fibrous layers and subsequent extrusion of the nucleus pulposus into the vertebral canal. Extrusion of the nucleus pulposus may be caused by impact injury, mechanical compression of the spinal cord or both, and causes pain and paralysis which may be permanent. IVDE occurs more often in chondrodystrophoid dogs when compared with the general population [2, 5-7, 9, 11, 13]. The peak incidence of clinical disease occurs at a much earlier age in chondrodystrophoid breeds [5,9]. The intervertebral disc of a newborn chondrodystrophoid puppy macroscopically appears glistening and gelatinous, and is similar to a disc from a non-chondrodystrophoid puppy [11]. However, changes in the nucleus pulposus occur earlier than in other breeds of dog, and by one year of age the gelatinous nucleus has been replaced almost entirely by cartilaginous tissue. With increasing age, degenerative changes and frequently matrix calcification can be observed in the nucleus pulposus. It is considered that the early intervertebral disc degeneration in chondrodystrophoid dogs is related to the high incidence of IVDE [11]. The causes of early degeneration and calcification of the nucleus pulposus in the chondrodystrophoid dog are poorly understood, and the underlying molecular mechanism of this process has not yet been clearly define...

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Pediculectomy/Mini‐Hemilaminectomy

Brisson¹

2017

Current Techniques in Canine and Feline Neurosurgery

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Risk factors for recurrence of clinical signs associated with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation in dogs: 229 cases (1994–2000)

Abstract: When all likely episodes of recurrence are considered and a long follow-up period is achieved, true rate of recurrence of IVDD appears to be higher than in many previous reports. Dogs with multiple opacified disks at the time of first surgery should be considered a high-risk subpopulation.

Cited by 74 publications

References 21 publications

A Retrospective Study of Intervertebral Disc Herniation in Dogs in Japan: 297 Cases

A Retrospective Study of Intervertebral Disc Herniation in Dogs in Japan: 297 Cases

Enhanced Type X Collagen Expression in the Extruded Nucleus Pulposus of the Chondrodystrophoid Dog

Pediculectomy/Mini‐Hemilaminectomy

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