Risk Factors for Severe Pneumonia According to WHO 2005 Criteria Definition Among Children <5 Years of Age in Thai Binh, Vietnam: A Case–Control Study

Abstract

Vietnam is one of the 15 countries where the prevalence of child pneumonia is highest. It is a major cause of admission in pediatric hospitals. However, little is known on the burden of severe pneumonia and their risk factors in children <5 years of age in Vietnam. A case-control study was conducted among children aged 2-59 months presenting with pneumonia at the Pediatric Provincial Hospital of Thai Binh. Cases were children with severe pneumonia while controls included those with non-severe pneumonia as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of 2005. Eighty-three cases and 83 controls were included. Sex ratio was 2.19. Children with severe pneumonia were significantly less likely to receive antibiotics preadmission compared to children with non-severe pneumonia [odds ratio (OR) = 0.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.06-0.42]. The main risk factors of severe pneumonia were a lack of immunization (OR = 4.77, 95% CI = 1.80-12.65), an exposure to cigarette smoke (OR = 3.87, 95% CI = 1.62-9.23), and having a mother with a low level of education. Children with severe pneumonia were 25 times more likely to present with associated measles with p < 0.0001 and five times more likely to present with diarrhea than children with non-severe pneumonia (p < 0.0001). Improving immunization coverage, educating parents about the risks of passive smoking and the recognition of respiratory distress signs, and facilitating early antibiotic access for infants with acute pulmonary disease should reduce the burden of such illnesses. To implement a national, multicenter study about pneumonia in children, more precise inclusion criteria should be chosen, including radiological and/or biological assessment.

Hubungan Asap Rokok terhadap Derajat Keparahan Pneumonia Anak Usia di Bawah 5 Tahun

“…Cakupan vaksin yang tinggi memungkinkan kekebalan kelompok (herd immunity) untuk anak yang tidak divaksinasi. 24,25 Berbeda dengan hasil yang ditemukan oleh Hoang dkk, 26 malnutrisi tidak memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan pneumonia berat dalam penelitian ini. Hubungan tersebut dapat disebabkan oleh perbedaan proporsi yang besar.…”

Vitamin D Insufficiency as Risk Factor of Severe Pneumonia in Children

“…Moreover research stated that history of exposure to cigarette smoke increase risk 3.87 times causing severe pneumonia in children less than 5 years old (95% CI 1.62-9.23; p=0.008) [16]. Another similar study found that children who were exposed to indoor cigarette smoke either during infancy or childhood were at increased risk for respiratory distress (adjusted OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.03-1.47) [25].…”

“…A report data stated that the highest prevalence of pneumonia was found in the age group 1 month to 4 years as much as 2.1%, followed by ages 5-14 years as much as 1.7% and ages 15-24 years as much as 1.8% [15]. In addition, Hoang et al ( 2019) also stated the highest prevalence of pneumonia was found in the age group 2 months -<12 months as much as 80.7%, followed by the age group 12-24 months as much as 15.7%, age 34-36 months as much as 1.2%, and 36-59 months as much as 2.4% [16].…”

Status of common disease profile and death records among admitted child patients in medical college hospital

“…The hospital authorities can arrange proper diagnosis and management of all patients and suspected cases accordingly. Out of hospital admitted patients, the most common case is ARI and Diarrhoea (Hoang et al, 2019). Most of them treated accordingly to take weeks to recover completely.…”