Risk Factors in Patients with Diabetes Hospitalized for COVID-19: Findings from a Multicenter Retrospective Study

Abstract

Background and Purpose. Diabetes is common in COVID-19 patients and associated with unfavorable outcomes. We aimed to describe the characteristics and identify the risk factors for COVID-19 patients complicated with diabetes. Methods. In this multicenter retrospective study, patients with COVID-19 in China were included and classified into two groups according to whether they were complicated with diabetes or not. Demographic symptoms and laboratory data were extracted from medical records. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods were used to explore the risk factors. Results. 538 COVID-19 patients were finally included in this study, of whom 492 were nondiabetes and 46 were diabetes. The median age was 47 years (IQR 35.0-56.0). And the elderly patients with diabetes were more likely to have dry cough, and the alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, Ca, and mean hemoglobin recovery rate were higher than the other groups. Furthermore, we also found the liver and kidney function of male patients was worse than that of female patients, while female cases should be paid more attention to the occurrence of bleeding and electrolyte disorders. Moreover, advance age, blood glucose, gender, prothrombin time, and total cholesterol could be considered as risk factors for COVID-19 patients with diabetes through the multivariable logistic regression model in our study. Conclusion. The potential risk factors found in our study showed a major piece of the complex puzzle linking diabetes and COVID-19 infection. Meanwhile, focusing on gender and age factors in COVID-19 patients with or without diabetes, specific clinical characteristics, and risk factors should be paid more attention by clinicians to figure out a targeted intervention to improve clinical efficacy worldwide.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Serum level estimation of some biomarkers in diabetic and non-diabetic COVID-19 infected patients

“…Therefore, the present research is in agreement with the study of Mishra et al, patients with diabetes exhibited higher D-dimer levels that were statistically significant (Ngafwan et al 2021;Mishraa et al 2020), with peak D-dimer levels of 1509 2420 ng/mL (mean SD) versus 515 624 ng/ mL (mean SD) in adults without diabetes. When clinical characteristics and risk factors are unclear, clinicians face a substantial challenge in improving outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and underlying diabetes mellitus (Jalil et al 2021c;Zhang et al 2021). However, a recent small retrospective single-center observational research in China looked at the clinical features and outcomes of 48 individuals with severe COVID-19 and diabetes and showed no significant difference in the frequency of problems between diabetic and non-diabetic patients.…”

Mortality Rate of Patients With COVID-19 Based on Underlying Health Conditions

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Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP4) on COVID-19 Physiopathology

“…Independent of the potential role of DPP4 as SARS-CoV-2 receptor, DPP4 might have a role in COVID-19 incidence and physiopathology by regulating glucose homeostasis. A multicenter retrospective study determined that blood glucose, gender, prothrombin time, and total cholesterol could be considered risk factors for COVID-19 [ 116 ]. Another investigation with more than 2000 cases concluded that elevated glucose was an independent risk factor for progression to critical cases or death in COVID-19 inpatients [ 117 ].…”