Risk factors of primary introduction of highly pathogenic and low pathogenic avian influenza virus into European poultry holdings, considering at least material contaminated by wild birds and contact with wild birds

Gonzáles, José L.; Elbers, A.R.W.; Beerens, Nancy

doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.en-1282

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Among gallinaceous poultry categories, free-range laying hens was the poultry category with the highest seropositive percentage (0.5%), although still much lower than the percentages observed in aquatic poultry. It has been shown that outdoor access of laying hens, which increases the risk of direct or indirect exposure to wild birds and the AI viruses they shed, may explain the high frequency of detection of AI antibodies in this poultry category (Bouwstra et al, 2017;CVI et al, 2017). No H5 or H7 detections occurred in 2018 in turkeys, although, the largest number of non H5/H7 seropositive establishments among the gallinaceous categories (not including gallinaceous game birds) were found in fattening turkeys (n = 20).…”

Section: Poultrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wild birds of the orders Anseriformes and Charadriiformes are considered major reservoirs for LPAI viruses; during the last years, wild birds have been also implicated in the intercontinental spread of H5 HPAI viruses (The Global Consortium for H5N8 and Related Influenza Viruses, 2016). Hence, wild birds are considered the main source of introduction of AIV infections in poultry in Europe (CVI et al, 2017). To implement appropriate measures to prevent incursions, or to control the spread of the disease when incursions occur, Member States (MSs) have implemented surveillance programmes in poultry and wild birds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Annual Report on surveillance for avian influenza in poultry and wild birds in Member States of the European Union in 2018

Brouwer¹,

Gonzáles²,

Huneau³

et al. 2019

EFS2

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Avian influenza (AI) is a viral infectious disease that affects all species of domestic and wild birds. The viruses causing this disease can be of high (HPAI) or low (LPAI) pathogenicity and represent a continuous threat to poultry in Europe. Council Directive 2005/94/EC requests EU Member States (MSs) to carry out surveillance in poultry and wild birds and notify the results to the responsible authority. Therefore, MSs and Switzerland have implemented surveillance programmes to yearly monitor incursions of AI viruses in poultry and wild birds. EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission, to collate, validate, analyse and summarise in an annual report the data resulting from the avian influenza surveillance programmes. This is the first report produced under this mandate summarising the results of the surveillance activities carried out in poultry and wild birds in 2018. Overall 18,596 poultry establishments were sampled, of which 43 were seropositive for H5 AI and two for H7 AI. Seropositive establishments were found in 11 MSs, with the highest percentage of seropositive establishments being found in waterfowl gamebird, and geese and duck breeding establishments. A total of 9,145 dead/moribund wild birds were sampled, with 163 birds testing positive to HPAI virus H5N6. The infected birds were reported by eight MSs and were mostly found between January and April 2018. In this report, the wild bird species affected with HPAI are described and the strategy of targeted sampling is assessed. The crude odds ratio of HPAI detection as a function of the target species (species belonging to the list of target species versus species not belonging to the target list) is presented. The surveillance findings for poultry and wild birds for 2018 are also discussed in relation to findings from previous years and current knowledge on the epidemiology of AI in Europe.

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Section: Poultrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual Report on surveillance for avian influenza in poultry and wild birds in Member States of the European Union in 2018

Brouwer¹,

Gonzáles²,

Huneau³

et al. 2019

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Ideally, the weighting of risk factors would be based on quantitative scientific evidence (Bouwstra et al, 2017;Gonzales et al, 2017), however as indicated in the 2017 EFSA opinion, such evidence is sparse across Europe. In 2016, the Annual Report on surveillance for AI in poultry and in wild birds in Member States of the European Union showed that 10/28 MSs performed risk based surveillance (Animal and Plant Health Agency, 2017).…”

Section: Desirablementioning

confidence: 99%

Reporting Avian Influenza surveillance

Brouwer¹,

Huneau²,

Kuiken³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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Avian influenza viruses infect domestic poultry and wild birds as well as humans. In poultry, depending on whether these viruses are of high pathogenicity (HPAI) or low pathogenicity (LPAI), the infection can cause different clinical signs, with HPAI causing high mortality in poultry flocks. In order to ensure early detection of avian influenza viruses, surveillance in poultry and wild birds is considered essential. In 2010, the European Commission provided some guidelines to Member States (MSs) on how this surveillance should be carried out, both in poultry and wild birds. EFSA received a mandate from the Commission to collate, validate, analyse, and summarise in an annual report the data resulting from the ongoing avian influenza surveillance programmes established in the different MSs. To deliver on this mandate, EFSA, in collaboration with the Standing Working Group on AI, initiated its activities with the drafting of a scientific report where the future vision of this collection framework was presented. Initial and later drafts of this report were shared with MS representatives in order to get feedback on the practicalities concerning the collection and submission of avian influenza surveillance data to EFSA. In the present report, the data that MSs are legally requested to submit to EFSA (‘mandatory’) and also the data that would be important to collect in order to optimise the outputs (‘desirable’) are described. A number of actions that would lead to the optimal data collection are also presented and the added value to MSs is discussed. A step‐by‐step implementation of the outlined actions is anticipated, with a description of the initial collection framework for 2019 being included in this report.

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“…Further scientific evidence is provided in the systematic literature review performed by the AI consortium, identifying and synthesising the evidence on risk factors of HPAI and LPAI introductions into European poultry holdings (data received as per procurement, Linnaeus University (SE), Erasmus Medical Centre (NL), OC/EFSA/ALPHA2015/01 supplemented with NP/EFSA/ALPHA/2015/04, Gonzales et al, 2017).…”

Section: Regression Coefficient Probability Hpaiv Infection Worst-cas...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza

More¹,

Bicout²,

Bøtner³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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Risk factors of primary introduction of highly pathogenic and low pathogenic avian influenza virus into European poultry holdings, considering at least material contaminated by wild birds and contact with wild birds

Cited by 12 publications

References 74 publications

Annual Report on surveillance for avian influenza in poultry and wild birds in Member States of the European Union in 2018

Annual Report on surveillance for avian influenza in poultry and wild birds in Member States of the European Union in 2018

Reporting Avian Influenza surveillance

Avian influenza

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