Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: a case control study in north-western Ethiopia

Yared, Solomon; Deribe, Kebede; Gebreselassie, Araya; Lemma, Wessenseged; Akililu, Essayas; Kirstein, Oscar D.; Balkew, Meshesha; Warburg, Alon; Gebre-Michael, Teshome; Hailu, Asrat

doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0470-1

Cited by 61 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This was consistent with studies in Colombia and Ethiopia, which reported that the increased frequency of droughts is likely to increase the incidence of the disease [45, 46]. In dry conditions like droughts, people in rural areas cluster around water supplies because of the limited water sources, exposing them to a high concentration of vector populations.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: spatial distribution and seasonal variations from 2009 to 2016

2018

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BackgroundLeishmaniasis is listed as one of the eight neglected tropical diseases by the World Health Organization and the number of cases in endemic areas has seen a sharp rise in the past decade. More alarmingly, reports have shown that leishmaniasis is spreading to non-endemic areas of the world due to co-infection with HIV. In Sri Lanka, leishmaniasis is considered as a notifiable disease from 2008 and has seen a rising trend of incidence since then. This is the first study describing the burden, seasonal variation and spatial distribution of leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka since the disease has been included as a notifiable disease.MethodsData on health statistics from 2009 to 2016 were obtained from published databases maintained by the Epidemiology Unit of the Ministry of Health in Sri Lanka. Climatic data for Sri Lanka were obtained from the Department of Meteorology and the populations in administrative districts were obtained from the Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka. Descriptive spatiotemporal analysis, correlation between leishmaniasis incidence and climatic variables were analyzed using SPSS statistical software.ResultsThe total number of people reported with leishmaniasis during the study period was 8487. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the prominent form in Sri Lanka while few visceral and muco-cutaneous cases were reported. Although leishmaniasis patients were identified from all 25 districts in the island, almost 90% of the total caseload was reported from Anuradhapura, Hambantota, Polonnaruwa, Kurunegala and Matara districts. The highest number of patients was reported from the Anuradhapura district and the highest incidence per 100,000 persons was reported from the Hambantota district. The disease has a seasonal trend, a peak of leishmaniasis occur in July to September in the north-central region and in October to December in the southern region. Maximum temperature, humidity and wind speed are significantly associated climatic variables with leishmaniasis in endemic regions.ConclusionsLeishmaniasis is an emerging public health problem in north-central and southern Sri Lanka. Public awareness programs for the prevention and control of the disease in endemic regions are essential to reduce the incidence of leishmaniasis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: spatial distribution and seasonal variations from 2009 to 2016

2018

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“…Los dos últimos factores se han relacionado en otros estudios con el riesgo de transmisión vectorial rural y urbana, pues aumentan las fuentes de atracción del insecto, su acceso a humanos y perros, y una menor eficiencia de los repelentes espaciales domiciliarios (18,(27)(28)(29).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Factores de riesgo en escenarios emergentes de leishmaniasis visceral urbana, Misiones, Argentina

et al. 2016

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Introducción. La leishmaniasis visceral es una enfermedad desatendida de alta letalidad que requiere profundizar los estudios locales para un diseño de estrategias de control efectivo. En América se verificó la urbanización de su transmisión, teniendo como reservorio principal al perro doméstico, donde condiciones socio-económicas, representaciones y prácticas de grupos domésticos (GD) jugarían un rol estratégico poco conocido para su endemicidad. Objetivo. Analizar representaciones y prácticas de prevención y afrontamiento de leishmaniasis visceral en humanos (LVh) y caninos (LVc) y factores socio-económicos de riesgo.Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal de casos y controles. Caso: GD, con al menos un integrante con antecedentes de LVh notificado por Ministerio de Salud Pública. Control: GD sin integrantes con antecedentes de LVh. A partir de información primaria, se caracterizó demográfica y socialmente la población, la calidad de su vivienda y se construyó un ranking de conocimientos y actitudes frente a la LV, se describieron prácticas asociadas a riesgo y presencia de LVc.Resultados. Mala calidad de la vivienda (p≤0,001), personas del GD fuera vivienda después 18 hs (razón de momios, RM=4,5; IC 95%: 1,69-12,18), la reproducción sin control racial de perros (RM=15,7; IC 95%: 3,91-63,2) y con LVc en el domicilio (RM=120,3; IC 95%: 18,51-728,3) se asocian positivamente o incrementan el riesgo de contraer LVh.Conclusión. Se observa una determinación social de riesgo asociada a pobreza estructural, que aumentan la probabilidad de contacto humano-vector por mala calidad de vivienda y hacinamiento. El factor de riesgo más importante para la LVh fue la tenencia de perros con LVc en el domicilio.

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“…Environmental change will often modify the transmission patterns of vector-borne diseases, through its effects at different ecological scales. Improving vegetation types and climate condition were favored to increase vector densities or host-vector contacts and reintroductions of pathogens, or breakdown of vector control measures (Yared et al, 2014). The existing major agricultural schemes, ongoing and planned mega-projects such as sugar industries and sugar cane farming, dams for electricity/irrigation purposes and expansion of irrigation and/or rain fed agriculture both by small scale farmers and large scale investors all exist within the lower Kola to Weina Dega agro-ecological zones.…”

Section: Epidemiological Changes Of Leishmaniasis Environmental Changmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poor housing and sanitary conditions such as lack of waste management, open sewerage and poor health facilities are an indication of poverty. Thus poverty increases the risk of VL through increasing the breeding of sand flies and their access to people (Yared et al, 2014;Hailu et al, 2016). Moreover, low educational level and socioeconomic concerns also increases risks of both VL and CL in the country (Dawit et al, 2013).…”

Section: Knowledge and Socio-economic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic impact and epidemiological changes of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia

Gebremichael¹

2018

Open Vet J.

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Leishmaniasis is one of the growing public health challenges in Ethiopia and estimated over 7,000 and 50,000 new cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) per year, respectively. The aim of the review is to address zoonotic impact and epidemiological changes of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. VL is caused by L. donovani and it is endemic in many parts of the country with one third of the country’s landmass is highly suitable for VL. CL is principally caused by L. aethiopica. CL is endemic and widespread in the highland of Ethiopia. Northern lowland foci are Humera and Metema plains in the Tigray and Amhara regional states constitute the main VL endemic areas in the country, contributing over 60% of the total burden. The southern foci are the south-western savannah, and the south-eastern semi-arid lowlands which account for approximately 20 % of the total VL burden in Ethiopia. Leishmaniasis is a serious zoonotic disease in Ethiopia with more reservoir hosts maintaining the disease. Dogs and hyraxes are the main reservoir hosts for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the country, respectively. Epidemiological changes of leishmaniasis may relate to environmental changes and expansion of mega projects such as irrigations and sugar cane factories, knowledge and socio-economic factors, development of new settlements, migration of peoples and HIV/AIDS co-infection. Expansions of mega projects such as sugar factories and irrigations are suitable for reproduction of stray dogs, rodents, wild canids and vectors. VL is one of the major challenges to prevent and control in the endemic areas of the country. Therefore, new research should be imperative, especially in the mega projects to design strategic control and prevention methods.

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Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: a case control study in north-western Ethiopia

Cited by 61 publications

References 41 publications

Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: spatial distribution and seasonal variations from 2009 to 2016

Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: spatial distribution and seasonal variations from 2009 to 2016

Factores de riesgo en escenarios emergentes de leishmaniasis visceral urbana, Misiones, Argentina

Zoonotic impact and epidemiological changes of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia

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