Risk of brain tumours in relation to estimated RF dose from mobile phones: results from five Interphone countries

Cardis, Elisabeth; Armstrong, Bruce K.; Bowman, Joseph D.; Giles, Graham G.; Hours, Martine; Krewski, Daniel; McBride, Mary L.; Parent, Marie; Sadetzki, Siegal; Woodward, Alistair; Brown, Jared A; Chetrit, Angela; Figuerola, Jordi; Hoffmann, Chen; Jarus-Hakak, Avital; Montestruq, L.; Nadon, Louise; Richardson, Lesley; Villegas, Rodrigo; Vrijheid, Martine

doi:10.1136/oemed-2011-100155

Cited by 126 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Some research [1,2] has been conducted to estimate the specific absorption rate (SAR) values in numerical human head models based on the measured SAR distribution in a specific anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM) phantom to provide the exposure gradient for the Interphone study [3][4][5], an epidemiological study about mobile phone use and the risk of brain cancer. In [1], a method was proposed to estimate the three-dimensional SAR distributions in a realistic head model using the data obtained from compliance testing measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Implementation of Representative Mobile Phone Models for Epidemiological Studies

Lee¹,

Yoon²,

Lee³

et al. 2016

Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science

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This paper describes an implementation method and the results of numerical mobile phone models representing real phone models that have been released on the Korean market since 2002. The aim is to estimate the electromagnetic absorption in the human brain for casecontrol studies to investigate health risks related to mobile phone use. Specific absorption rate (SAR) compliance test reports about commercial phone models were collected and classified in terms of elements such as the external body shape, the antenna, and the frequency band. The design criteria of a numerical phone model representing each type of phone group are as follows. The outer dimensions of the phone body are equal to the average dimensions of all commercial models with the same shape. The distance and direction of the maximum SAR from the earpiece and the area above -3 dB of the maximum SAR are fitted to achieve the average obtained by measuring the SAR distributions of the corresponding commercial models in a flat phantom. Spatial peak 1-g SAR values in the cheek and tilt positions against the specific anthropomorphic mannequin phantom agree with average data on all of the same type of commercial models. Second criterion was applied to only a few types of models because not many commercial models were available. The results show that, with the exception of one model, the implemented numerical phone models meet criteria within 30%. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ⓒ

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Implementation of Representative Mobile Phone Models for Epidemiological Studies

Lee¹,

Yoon²,

Lee³

et al. 2016

Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science

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“…In all centers, controls were randomly selected and originally either frequency-or individually-matched to cases by sex and year of birth (15,23). According to the INTEROCC study protocol and in order to maximize statistical power all available controls in the participating INTERPHONE countries (including those collected for other tumors), were used here.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational exposure to metals and risk of meningioma: a multinational case-control study

et al. 2016

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The aim of the study was to examine associations between occupational exposure to metals and meningioma risk in the international INTEROCC study.INTEROCC is a seven-country population-based case-control study including 1,906 adult meningioma cases and 5,565 population controls. Incident cases were recruited between 2000 and 2004. A detailed occupational history was completed and job titles were coded into standard international occupational classifications. Estimates of mean workday exposure to individual metals and to welding fumes were assigned based on a job-exposure-matrix. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression.Although more controls than cases were ever exposed to metals (14% vs. 11%, respectively), cases had higher median cumulative exposure levels. The ORs for ever vs. never exposure to any metal and to individual metals were mostly greater than 1.0, with the strongest association for exposure to iron (OR=1.26, 95%CI 1.0-1.58). In women, an increased OR of 1.70 (95%CI 1.0-2.89) was seen for ever vs never exposure to iron (OR in men 1.19 (95% CI 0.91-1.54), with positive trends in relation with both cumulative and duration of exposure. These results remained after consideration of other occupational metal or chemical co-exposures.In conclusion, an apparent positive association between occupational exposure to iron and meningioma risk was observed, particularly among women. Considering the fact that meningioma is a hormone dependent tumor, the hypothesis that an interaction between iron and estrogen metabolism may be a potential mechanism for a carcinogenic effect of iron should be further investigated.6

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“…These analyses included the 324 cases with preferred laterality out of the total 372 cases with TCSE. We fitted a model with shorter steps than in equation 2, a model with the mixing proportion specified as w pref = 0.85, and a model with a piecewise constant decreasing-distance relationship for the subsets used in previous case-only analyses: Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (n = 428 with preferred laterality out of 515 cases) in the study by Larjavaara et al (28) and Australia, Canada, France, Israel, and New Zealand (n = 332 with preferred laterality out of 380 cases) in the study by Cardis et al (30). Because of the uncertainty in the assessment of tumor origin, we conducted the analyses as in the paper by Grell et al (31), with the same data subset but using the center of gravity to see whether the choice of either point was crucial for these results.…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We reviewed a plot of these tumors and decided to include them with all tumor voxels when calculating a tumor's central point. We calculated the tumor localization point as the "center of gravity," a method which has previously been used in analyses of INTERPHONE data (30). It is the midpoint of the voxel at the shortest distance from the other voxels in the tumor.…”

Section: Exposure Localizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies estimated the distance between the brain tumor and the mobile phone and divided cases into those in which the tumor was close to the phone, where most energy from RF-EMF is absorbed, and those in which the tumor was further away (27,28). Additionally, both the rate of energy absorption (the specific absorption rate (SAR)) inside the tumor (29) and the total cumulative specific energy (TCSE) absorbed for each tumor (30) have been estimated for use as exposure measures.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Intracranial Distribution of Gliomas in Relation to Exposure From Mobile Phones: Analyses From the INTERPHONE Study

Grell¹,

Frederiksen²,

Schüz³

et al. 2016

Am. J. Epidemiol.

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When investigating the association between brain tumors and use of mobile telephones, accurate data on tumor position are essential, due to the highly localized absorption of energy in the human brain from the radiofrequency fields emitted. We used a point process model to investigate this association using information that included tumor localization data from the INTERPHONE Study (Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom). Our main analysis included 792 regular mobile phone users diagnosed with a glioma between 2000 and 2004. Similar to earlier results, we found a statistically significant association between the intracranial distribution of gliomas and the selfreported location of the phone. When we accounted for the preferred side of the head not being exclusively used for all mobile phone calls, the results were similar. The association was independent of the cumulative call time and cumulative number of calls. However, our model used reported side of mobile phone use, which is potentially influenced by recall bias. The point process method provides an alternative to previously used epidemiologic research designs when one is including localization in the investigation of brain tumors and mobile phone use. glioma; INTERPHONE Study; intracranial distribution; mobile telephones; radio-frequency electromagnetic fields; spatial point pattern Abbreviations: RF-EMF, radio-frequency electromagnetic fields; SAR, specific absorption rate; TCSE, total cumulative specific energy.

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Risk of brain tumours in relation to estimated RF dose from mobile phones: results from five Interphone countries

Cited by 126 publications

References 28 publications

Numerical Implementation of Representative Mobile Phone Models for Epidemiological Studies

Numerical Implementation of Representative Mobile Phone Models for Epidemiological Studies

Occupational exposure to metals and risk of meningioma: a multinational case-control study

The Intracranial Distribution of Gliomas in Relation to Exposure From Mobile Phones: Analyses From the INTERPHONE Study

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