Risk of dietary exposure to aflatoxins and fumonisins in infants less than 6 months of age in <scp>R</scp>ombo, <scp>N</scp>orthern <scp>T</scp>anzania

Magoha, Happy Steven; Kimanya, Martin; Meulenaer, Bruno De; Roberfroid, Dominique; Lachat, Carl; Kolsteren, Patrick

doi:10.1111/mcn.12155

Cited by 71 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In another study from Tanzania (Magoha et al, 2016), 143 infants were followed up from birth at 1, 3 and 5 months of age when weight and length were recorded. Using the WHO Growth Standards, age related z-scores were computed.…”

Section: Childhood Growth Impairment (Stunting)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among these infants those exposed to aflatoxin 3% were underweight and 15% stunted, and among those exposed to fumonisin alone, none were underweight and 5% stunted, and among those who were exposed both mycotoxins none were underweight and 7% stunted. No statistically significant associations between exposure to fumonisins or aflatoxins or both and underweight or stunting were found when these were examined using logistic regression (Magoha et al, 2016). The CONTAM Panel noted that in the statistical analyses it was apparently not controlled for multiple factors such as nutrient intake, frequent bacterial infections, socioeconomic status and mother's education and health that might have influenced the outcome.…”

Section: Childhood Growth Impairment (Stunting)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Appropriateness to set a group health‐based guidance value for fumonisins and their modified forms

Knutsen¹,

Barregård²,

Bignami³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ) of 1.0 lg/kg body weight (bw) per day based on increased incidence of megalocytic hepatocytes found in a chronic study with mice. The CONTAM Panel considered the limited data available on toxicity and mode of action and structural similarities of FB 2-6 and found it appropriate to include FB 2 , FB 3 and FB 4 in a group TDI with FB 1 . Modified forms of FBs are phase I and phase II metabolites formed in fungi, infested plants or farm animals. Modified forms also arise from food or feed processing, and include covalent adducts with matrix constituents. Non-covalently bound forms are not considered as modified forms. Modified forms of FBs identified are hydrolysed FB 1-4 (HFB 1-4 ), partially hydrolysed FB 1-2 (pHFB 1-2 ), N-(carboxymethyl)-FB 1-3 (NCM-FB 1-3 ), N-(1deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-FB 1 (NDF-FB 1 ), O-fatty acyl FB 1 , N-fatty acyl FB 1 and N-palmitoyl-HFB 1 . HFB 1 , pHFB 1 , NCM-FB 1 and NDF-FB 1 show a similar toxicological profile but are less potent than FB 1 . Although in vitro data shows that N-fatty acyl FBs are more toxic in vitro than FB 1 , no in vivo data were available for N-fatty acyl FBs and O-fatty acyl FBs. The CONTAM Panel concluded that it was not appropriate to include modified FBs in the group TDI for FB 1-4 . The uncertainty associated with the present assessment is high, but could be reduced provided more data are made available on occurrence, toxicokinetics and toxicity of FB 2-6 and modified forms of FB 1-4 . and Alexander J, 2018. Scientific opinion on the appropriateness to set a group health-based guidance value for fumonisins and their modified forms. EFSA Journal 2018;16(2):5172, 75 pp. https://doi.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.The EFSA Journal is a publication of the European Food Safety Authority, an agency of the European Union. HBGV for fumonisins and their modified forms www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 2 EFSA Journal 2018;16(2):5172 HBGV for fumonisins and their modified forms www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 3 EFSA Journal 2018;16(2):5172Although FBs are poorly absorbed, unchanged FBs excreted into urine have been used as a biomarker of exposure in humans. In animal studies changes in sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So) and the Sa/So ratio can be determined in urine following FB exposure. A dose related increase in the sphinganine 1-phosphate (Sa 1-P)/sphingosine 1-phosphate (So 1-P) ratio in blood spots which correlated with urinary FB 1 levels has been reported in human studies. This result is consistent with fumonisin inhibition of CerS in humans.Toxicity studies deal mainly with effects of FB 1 , but FB 2-4 are considered as having similar toxicological profiles and potencies. FB 1 is considered not to be acutely toxic. In repeated dose st...

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Section: Childhood Growth Impairment (Stunting)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Childhood Growth Impairment (Stunting)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Appropriateness to set a group health‐based guidance value for fumonisins and their modified forms

Knutsen¹,

Barregård²,

Bignami³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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“…Maize from markets and villages in Tanzania and Republic of the Congo showed mean aflatoxin levels ranging from 0.04 to 120 ppb (Manjula et al 2009 (Kimanya et al 2014;Magoha et al 2014a). These data indicate overwhelming challenges of aflatoxin exposure among infants from complementary foods introduced at early infancy (within three months of childbirth).…”

Section: East Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Achieving a nutrition revolution for Africa: The road to healthier diets and optimal nutrition

Ayalew¹,

Hoffmann²,

Lindahl³

et al. 2016

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Focusing the 2015 Annual Trends and Outlook Report (ATOR) on nutrition will contribute to a broader understanding of the critical role of nutrition in achieving international, continental, and national economic growth targets through agriculture, food security, and nutrition. This report presents information and analysis in support of evidence-based policy making that should inform the second generation of CAADP national investment plans now being developed. This is an important moment for shaping the region’s future and ensuring that the much-needed agriculture-led growth and development agenda can simultaneously deliver on improving nutrition, saving lives, improving productivity and health, and curbing nutrition-related diseases and the associated public health expenditures. These investment plans should address not only the usual elements of undernutrition but also widespread micronutrient deficiencies (termed “hidden hunger”) and the growing problem of overweight and obesity that is associated with economic growth.1 introduction 2 The African union policy environment toward enabling action for nutrition in Africa 3 Africa’s progress toward meeting current nutrition targets 4 Economic development and nutrition transition in Ghana: taking stock of food consumption patterns and trends 5 Making African agriculture and food systems work for nutrition: what has been done, and what needs to be done? 6 Lessons learned from the evaluation of Helen Keller International’s enhanced homestead food production program 7 The role of biofortification as part of more diverse diets in Africa: progress, challenges, and opportunities 8 The role of mycotoxin contamination in nutrition: the aflatoxin story 9 The challenges, opportunities, and lessons learned in evidence-informed decision making in Africa 10 Evaluating nutrition-sensitive programs: challenges, methods, and opportunities 11 Supporting multisectoral action: capacity and nutrition leadership challenges facing Africa 12 Tracking key CAADP indicators and implementation processes 13 Summary and policy recommendations: toward a nutrition revolution for AfricaReportPRIFPRI1; ReSAKSS; HarvestPlus; B Promoting healthy food systemsDSGD; WCAO; ESAO; HarvestPlus; PHND; A4NH; MTIDCGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH

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“…Revealed by Magan et al (2003) that pre-harvest insect damage can lead to increased post-harvest production of mycotoxins in crops (Magan et al, 2003).…”

Section: Biological Control (Bc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Maize Production, Postharvest Losses and the Risk of Mycotoxins Contamination in Tanzania

Suleiman¹,

Rosentrater²

2015

2015 ASABE International Meeting

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Agriculture is the backbone of Tanzanian economy. It accounts for about one-third of the gross domestic product (GDP), provides 85 percent of all exports and saves as a livelihood to over 80 percent of the total population. Maize is the primary staple crop; it's grown in nearly all agro-ecological zones in the country. Tanzania is a major maize producer in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the last four decades, Tanzania has ranked among the top 25 maize producing countries in the world. In the 2013/14 growing seasons Tanzania produced over half billion metric tons of maize of these maize smallholder farmers produced around 85%. Despite the steady production of maize over the past three decades, post-harvest losses of maize remained significant, up to 30-40 % in some rural areas. Post-harvest handling, poor infrastructure, weather variability, biotic factors such as insects and pests, bacteria, pathogens, viruses, and fungi, often aggravate such losses. Mycotoxin producing fungi pose a major risk. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi that frequently contaminate the maize in the field and/or during storage. Mycotoxin contamination of maize poses a health risk to humans and animals if not properly managed. The most important mycotoxins in Tanzania are the aflatoxins, fumonisins and Ochratoxin. The objective of this paper was to review current literature on the production trends, consumption, post-harvest losses, and mycotoxins contamination of maize and to provide strategies to control and prevent postharvest losses and mycotoxins contamination in Tanzania. Agriculture is the backbone of Tanzanian economy. It accounts for about one-third of the gross domestic product (GDP), provides 85 percent of all exports and saves as a livelihood to over 80 percent of the total population. Maize is the primary staple crop; it's grown in nearly all agro-ecological zones in the country. Tanzania is a major maize producer in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the last four decades, Tanzania has ranked among the top 25 maize producing countries in the world. In the 2013/14 growing seasons Tanzania produced over half billion metric tons of maize of these maize smallholder farmers produced around 85%. Despite the steady production of maize over the past three decades, post-harvest losses of maize remained significant, up to 30-40 % in some rural areas. Post-harvest handling, poor infrastructure, weather variability, biotic factors such as insects and pests, bacteria, pathogens, viruses, and fungi, often aggravate such losses. Mycotoxin producing fungi pose a major risk. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi that frequently contaminate the maize in the field and/or during storage. Mycotoxin contamination of maize poses a health risk to humans and animals if not properly managed. The most important mycotoxins in Tanzania are the aflatoxins, fumonisins and Ochratoxin. The objective of this paper was to review current literature on the production trends, consumption, post-harvest losses, and mycotoxins contamination of mai...

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Risk of dietary exposure to aflatoxins and fumonisins in infants less than 6 months of age in Rombo, Northern Tanzania

Cited by 71 publications

References 31 publications

Appropriateness to set a group health‐based guidance value for fumonisins and their modified forms

Appropriateness to set a group health‐based guidance value for fumonisins and their modified forms

Achieving a nutrition revolution for Africa: The road to healthier diets and optimal nutrition

Current Maize Production, Postharvest Losses and the Risk of Mycotoxins Contamination in Tanzania

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