Risk of Infection by the Fungal Pathogen<i>Entomophaga maimaiga</i>Among Lepidoptera on the Forest Floor

Hajek, Ann E.; Butler, Linda; Liebherr, James K.; Wheeler, Micheal M.

doi:10.1603/0046-225x-29.3.645

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…These authors also note that Entomophaga maimaiga is known only from gypsy moth in its native Japan. In other samples, though, they did find low to moderate infectivity in native Lymantriidae (Hajek et al 1996, Hajek et al 2000), especially if the larvae spend time on the ground or in the leaf litter. The highest field incidence for any native species was 36% for Dasychira obliquata during a peak gypsy moth year.…”

Section: Apparent Impacts From Past (1950s-1980s) Control Programsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…In most years, no infected native Lymantriidae were recovered (Hajek et al 1996, Hajek et al 2003. They also found single cases of infection in a gelechiid (n=84) and in the noctuid Sunira bicolorago (n=20) among 358 caterpillars from samples in and near forest leaf litter (Hajek et al 2000). Low to moderate levels of mortality in extreme years should be easily absorbed by populations of common forest moths and probably have less impact than gypsy moth outbreaks.…”

Section: Apparent Impacts From Past (1950s-1980s) Control Programsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of gypsy moth establishment and dominance in native caterpillar communities of northern oak forests

Timms

Smith

2011

Can Entomol

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Little research has addressed the impacts of invasive-species establishment on native forest insect communities. Such information is lacking even for gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), the most thoroughly studied invasive forest insect. We investigated the ecological impacts of gypsy moth on native species at sites in north-central Ontario, Canada, with and without significant histories of gypsy moth defoliation over a 2-year period. Patterns in native forest caterpillar communities are described using measures of species diversity and multivariate analysis. We documented a transition from low-level to dominant gypsy moth populations. Sites with different gypsy moth outbreak histories exhibited differences in rank-abundance distributions and dominance structures in the first year of the study; by the second year, gypsy moth was dominant at sites of both types irrespective of their previous defoliation history. Contrary to our predictions, we found that gypsy moth outbreak history had no significant effects on native caterpillar community diversity or structure. However, sites with currently high gypsy moth abundance demonstrated significant shifts in late-season caterpillar community structure. Our results suggest that observed community differences were due to the presence of a highly abundant folivore, and not to permanent shifts in the native community because of the introduction of an invasive species.

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Section: Apparent Impacts From Past (1950s-1980s) Control Programsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Apparent Impacts From Past (1950s-1980s) Control Programsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of gypsy moth establishment and dominance in native caterpillar communities of northern oak forests

Timms

Smith

2011

Can Entomol

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“…We have found that during E. maimaiga epizootics in L. dispar populations, foliar-dwelling lepidopteran species are only rarely infected (Hajek et al , 2000aA.E. Hajek, unpublished work).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…This includes endemic North American lymantriids that have been shown to be highly susceptible during laboratory bioassays (Soper et al 1988;Hajek et al 1995). In fact, prolonged residence in the leaf litter by day is quite rare behavior for lepidopteran larvae (see Hajek et al 2000a), and the majority of lepidopteran larvae in the field most probably predominantly remain in the vegetation. The present study has shown that the understory vegetation, where infection was presumably solely being initiated by airborne conidia, held the least risk of E. maimaiga infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We studied a fungal pathogen of Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth), Entomophaga maimaiga, and found that numerous sympatric lepidopteran species were susceptible to this pathogen in the laboratory (Hajek et al 1995). However, these species were never or only rarely infected in the field (Hajek et al , 2000a. We concentrated on L. dispar and investigated whether larval behavior of this introduced insect could be enhancing exposure to this pathogen in the field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Larval behavior in Lymantria dispar increases risk of fungal infection

Hajek

2001

Oecologia

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Late-instar larvae of the forest defoliator Lymantria dispar display relatively unusual behavior for Lepidoptera. Late instars move down from the tree canopy and wander and rest in dark locations during daylight hours. When we sampled the area extending from below 3 m and within 200 cm of tree trunks during daylight hours, 71% of L. dispar late instar larvae were found at ground level. Providing dark resting locations on the soil surface where there was no litter resulted in rapid location and colonization of these sites by late instar larvae. L. dispar larvae were always more prevalent in leaf litter 0-50 cm from tree trunks compared with 50-200 cm away. In an area where the fungal insect pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga is established, larvae were caged on tree trunks, in the foliage, or on top of soil during photophase or scotophase to determine in which locations risk of infection was greatest. At both times of day, highest infection levels always occurred on the soil, with least infection among larvae caged in the foliage. Infection levels were greater during photophase than scotophase. When larvae were exposed to soil for shorter periods during daylight hours to mimic wandering, 4.7 and 6.1% became infected after 30- and 60-min exposure intervals, respectively, with increasing infection associated with longer exposure times. The high levels of infection by E. maimaiga that have been documented in L. dispar populations since this pathogen was first found in North America are consistent with the strong litter-dwelling behavior of late-instar L. dispar larvae. Rarity of other lepidopteran larvae at ground level could help to explain the host specificity of this pathogen in the field.

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Methods for Studying the Ecology of Invertebrate Diseases and Pathogens

Campos‐Herrera

Lacey²

2017

Ecology of Invertebrate Diseases

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Risk of Infection by the Fungal PathogenEntomophaga maimaigaAmong Lepidoptera on the Forest Floor

Cited by 24 publications

References 14 publications

Effects of gypsy moth establishment and dominance in native caterpillar communities of northern oak forests

Effects of gypsy moth establishment and dominance in native caterpillar communities of northern oak forests

Larval behavior in Lymantria dispar increases risk of fungal infection

Methods for Studying the Ecology of Invertebrate Diseases and Pathogens

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