Risk of Zoonoses among Livestock Farmers in Nepal

Abstract

In Nepal most of the people are engaged in agriculture and livestock farming but having low knowledge and poor practices are making them prone to zoo noses threats. The aim of this study is to identify the risk of common zoo noses and existing knowledge, practices among livestock farmer in Nepal and all over the world. The study was conducted based on literature review. Literature search from Google Scholar, Pub Med and Hinari databases was used for the study. The study shows that farmers have low knowledge and risky practices related to zoo noses. Sixty-five percent (n=40) of pork handlers were not following safety. Thirty six percent cattle farmers used to dispose placenta, 39.65% of them aborted foetus. Similarly, 23.25% farmers gave intra uterine medication with bare hands and 30% were sleeping in animal shed (n=250). African and South East Asian countries are facing more burden of zoo noses. Due to global warming and climate change, different zoo noses are emerging and re-emerging presentation in the world. Different research findings suggest that "One Health Approach" might help to fight against the zoo noses all over the world.

Prioritised Zoonotic Diseases of Nepal: A Review

“…Epidemic zoonotic diseases are scattered and patchy in the occurrence whereas the emerging zoonotic diseases are those diseases whose incidence are increasing rapidly across the globe, and these disease maybe new or may have occurred in the past (Maudlin et al, 2009).In the least developed countries of the world, around 20% of all human morbidity and mortality are attributable to endemic zoonoses (Elelu et al, 2019).Anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, leishmaniasis, rabies and human African trypanosomiasis are eight diseases identified by WHO as neglected zoonotic diseases (NZD) (Adhikari and Bagale, 2019). NZD have a dual burden as they can be devastating to both public health and animal health, and the most vulnerable people are the millions of poor livestock keepers found globally (Adhikari and Bagale, 2019). These diseases were found further neglected due to the fact that their effect is usually concentrated in developing countries, where the majority of effort in recent years has focused on HIV/AIDs, tuberculosis, and malaria.…”

“…Zoonoses like Taeniasis/cysticercosis/Neurocysticercosis, Leptospirosis, Hydatidosis, Brucellosis, Toxoplasmosis, Rabies, Dengue fever and Avian Influenzaare found to have epidemic potential and have been identified as Priorities Zoonotic Diseases in Nepal (Adhikari & Bagale, 2019;Ministry of Health and Population, 2011). More than 35000 people take post-exposure treatment in rabid animal bite per annum, and about 100 people die annually due to rabies.…”

“…They follow traditional practices of rearing which may increase risk for zoonoses. Although people are shifting to commercial farming due to the globalization, industrialization and commercialization; different social problems like illiteracy, poverty, traditional practices might have strong association with zoonotic diseases prevalence in countries like Nepal (Adhikari and Bagale, 2019). In this review we discuss about the current scenario of prioritised zoonotic diseases of Nepal along with role of veterinarian to control zoonotic diseases.…”

Ethnocultural influences for zoonoses transmission in multi-ethnic communities in Nepal

“…Animals have special and vague roles in society; people worship and sacrifice animals, make them friends, use them for works and security, kill them, love to watch them, and eat them (Berger, 1980). Animals are part of human life in almost all societies, either in developed and developing countries (Bagale & Adhikari, 2019). The human-animal relationship has found a long history.…”

“…Animals are an inevitable part of human life; however, due to people's illiteracy and ignorance, they do not know that animals can also act as the source of zoonoses, some are amplifier hosts of many lethal pathogens, also playing a role in transmission as a healthy or asymptomatic carrier (Bagale & Adhikari, 2019). Due to illiteracy and strong ethnocultural taboo, people face several zoonotic ailments caused by human animals' interfaces.…”