In Nepal most of the people are engaged in agriculture and livestock farming but having low knowledge and poor practices are making them prone to zoo noses threats. The aim of this study is to identify the risk of common zoo noses and existing knowledge, practices among livestock farmer in Nepal and all over the world. The study was conducted based on literature review. Literature search from Google Scholar, Pub Med and Hinari databases was used for the study. The study shows that farmers have low knowledge and risky practices related to zoo noses. Sixty-five percent (n=40) of pork handlers were not following safety. Thirty six percent cattle farmers used to dispose placenta, 39.65% of them aborted foetus. Similarly, 23.25% farmers gave intra uterine medication with bare hands and 30% were sleeping in animal shed (n=250). African and South East Asian countries are facing more burden of zoo noses. Due to global warming and climate change, different zoo noses are emerging and re-emerging presentation in the world. Different research findings suggest that "One Health Approach" might help to fight against the zoo noses all over the world.

Animals contribute to a pivotal role in human societies. Occupational exposure to animals is barred in several ethnicities in Nepal. Limited studies have been found on zoonoses-related diseases and their knowledge, practices, and perception regarding ethnic groups. This study aims to identify the associated factors for human closeness to animals and their host characteristics related to ethnocultural practices. A total of 20 articles were reviewed. In addition to the review, 25 people from different ethnic groups were interviewed. The ethnomedicinal practice and host characteristics of animals for various zoonoses were reviewed from published papers and database journals. There are 1415 species identified as pathogenic to humans, 61% categorized as zoonotic, and of the 175 newly emerging pathogens, 75% are listed as zoonoses. Almost all studies among ethnic groups in Nepal revealed that people interact closely with animals for several reasons, including cultural, religious, and ethnomedical practices. Most of the domesticated animals are also possible hosts for the transmission of zoonoses. So, creating awareness about preventing zoonoses is crucial for the protection of the human race. These findings call for immediate action by government and policymakers to control prevalent zoonoses by commencing proactive activities among at-risk groups.

This study aims to assess the educational association with knowledge and preventive practices of livestock farmers toward the common zoonoses. A descriptive cross- sectional quantitative research design was followed in the study. The total sample size was 380 livestock farmers from randomly selected three districts of Nepal. Systematic sampling technique was applied for data collection. The data were calculated using descriptive statistics. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed. The majority of the respondents (52.4%) had basic level education. Similarly, more than two-thirds (67.6%) adopted agro-farming and less than one in ten (7.9%) had livestock as a major occupation in their households. In this study bird flu (95.8%) and rabies (90.7%) are highly known zoonoses and swine flu is average (54.2%) in terms of respondents' knowledge. The finding shows that a large number of respondents with higher education had good knowledge about zoonoses and followed better zoonoses preventive practices. Among the higher educated respondents; practice to avoid sick animal consumption was 86.7 percent, practice to children avoiding livestock contact was 45.5 percent, pregnant women avoiding livestock exposure was 49 percent and pre-exposure vaccination practices was 55.8 percent which showed significant statistical association with their level of education. However, a significant number of respondents with higher education still were unaware about many common zoonoses and poor preventive practices. Therefore; education should be accessible in every community whereas; health education with specific zoonoses in the school curriculum and zoonoses related training for livestock farmers should be warranted.

Menstruation is a natural and biological phenomenon, but our patriarchal Nepalese society has practiced different taboos during the menstruation. Due to the taboos, women are deprived of different physical and psychological problems in this period. People are not much discussing the menstrual issues in their home and societies. The aim of this study is to explore the existing practices, prevailing knowledge, source of information and problems facing by girl sat their home and school. In-depth interview was conducted from the purposively selected students from Gongabu Health Post Kathmandu. Collected data were analysed on thematic basis and relevant themes were generated. Study shows that students had a poor knowledge about menarche. Lack of awareness and preparedness most of them used traditional pad during the menstruation and were frightened on their menarche. There are still several taboos about menstruation in different parts of the country and ethnic groups which act for women deprivation to the progress and grip the opportunity.

Background The majority of Nepalese people are involved in farming. However, due to limited knowledge of zoonoses and poor preventive practices on the part of livestock farmers, vulnerabilities to zoonotic diseases are very high. The main objective of this study was to assess the regional variation in zoonoses-related knowledge and preventive practices of livestock farmers in different ecological regions of Nepal. Material and methods Descriptive cross-sectional quantitative research design was followed in the study. The total sample size was 380 livestock farmers from randomly selected three ecological regions of Nepal. Systematic sampling techniques were applied for data collection. Data were entered into an excel sheet and then imported into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The data were calculated using descriptive statistics. Univariate, and bivariate analyses were performed, and the result of the study was presented in the form of text and tables based on their nature. Results Of the studied six zoonotic diseases, most of the respondents (95.8%) knew about zoonotic bird flu; 90.7% of them, were about rabies; and 54.2% knew about swine flu. However, a few respondents knew about bovine tuberculosis, neurocysticercosis, and brucellosis. Ecologically, the highest number of respondents in Nawalpur had knowledge of rabies (95.3%), and swine flu (61.6%), whereas 98.3% of them had knowledge of avian influenza in Tanahun; and 12.5% of neurocysticercosis in Manang. Regarding zoonoses preventive practices such as regular hand washing with soap water, mask-wearing, gloves, boots, the respondents’ representation of 60.8%, 6.6%, 1.8%, and 1.3% respectively in such practices show that although these are easy and cost-effective, personal protective equipment (PPE), such preventive practices were extremely underperformed. Not only that, only 12% of respondents maintain a standard distance (>15m.) between their house and shed. Similarly, 17% still consumed meat from sick animals, and vaccination of livestock was also found poor coverage (36%) in the study. Conclusions Livestock farmers need to be more knowledgeable about many common zoonotic diseases, and their preventive practices still need improvement, with significant regional variation in the study. This has invited various zoonosis threats for them. Therefore, it is recommended that the interventional programs related to common zoonoses be conducted for livestock farmers to solve the problem.