Risks of Digital Screen Time and Recommendations for Mitigating Adverse Outcomes in Children and Adolescents

Pardhan, Shahina; Parkin, John; Trott, Mike; Driscoll, Robin

doi:10.1111/josh.13170

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…Detailed clinical measurements should be able to make this clearer. Increased screen time (both leisure and non-leisure) due to the COVID-19 pandemic ( 11 , 12 ) would exaggerate blurred vision and dry eyes. Signs of viral infection in the eye due to coronavirus, have been reported ( 44 , 45 ), with studies reporting associations between light sensitivity and chronic fatigue ( 46 ), and with digital eye strain ( 47 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, a recent meta-analysis reported the presence of ocular manifestations of COVID-19 at 11%, with the most common manifestations being dry eye (or foreign body sensation), redness, and tearing (8). Furthermore, COVID-19 has been shown to affect the eyes indirectly, with recent systematic reviews highlighting the negative effect of increases in screen time on eyes, including digital eye strain in both adults and children (9)(10)(11)(12). With regards to hearing, a meta-analysis have reported 3% of patients with hearing loss and 4.5% with tinnitus following COVID-19 infection (13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The prevalence of sensory changes in post-COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2022

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Post-COVID syndrome can be defined as symptoms of COVID-19 that persist for longer than 12 weeks, with several studies reporting persistent symptoms relating to the sensory organs (eyes, ears, and nose). The aim of this systematic review was to examine the prevalence of persistent anosmia, hyposmia, ageusia, and hypogeusia, as well as eye/vision and ear/hearing related long-COVID symptoms. Authors searched the electronic databases from inception to November 2021. Search terms included words related to long-COVID, smell, taste, eyes/vision, and ears/hearing, with all observational study designs being included. A random effects meta-analysis was undertaken, calculating the prevalence proportions of anosmia, hyposmia, ageusia, and hypogeusia, respectively. From the initial pool, 21 studies met the inclusion criteria (total n 4,707; median n per study 125; median age = 49.8; median percentage female = 59.2%) and 14 were included in the meta-analysis The prevalence of anosmia was 12.2% (95% CI 7.7–16.6%), hyposmia 29.9% (95% CI 19.9–40%), ageusia 11.7% (95% CI 6.1–17.3%), and hypogeusia 31.2% (95% 16.4–46.1%). Several eye/vision and ear/hearing symptoms were also reported. Considering that changes in the sensory organs are associated with decreases in quality of life, future research should examine the etiology behind the persistent symptoms.Systematic review registration[www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero], identifier [CRD42021292804].

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of sensory changes in post-COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2022

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“…Media consumption aggravated this problem. Children's screen time has increased globally during the pandemic [27,28]. But the massive screen time was probably different in children growing up with a foreign mother tongue compared with native German speakers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child health and development in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic: are there social inequalities?

Weyers

Rigó

2023

Eur J Pediatr

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COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns and closures have influenced all children’s health and development (HAD). We aimed to examine whether this differs by social circumstances. We hypothesised that socially disadvantaged children experienced more pronounced deterioration in their HAD compared with better-off children. In our trend study, we included five cohorts of school enrolment medical screening (school entrance 2018–2022) in the city of Dusseldorf, Germany. To compensate for selection bias due to the limited number of examinations in pandemic months, we chose the first 800 examinations of each cohort. We computed predicted prevalences of overweight, coordination and language problems as indicators of HAD. Neighbourhood deprivation, single-parent families and non-German nationality were used as indicators of social disadvantage. All groups of children experienced a deterioration in their HAD. Its magnitude is comparable between children with different social circumstances. For instance, between 2018 and 2021, prevalence of overweight increased from 19.2 to 24.2% in children from deprived neighbourhoods, and from 8.1 to 16.5% in children from well-off neighbourhoods. Prevalence of language problems (prepositions) increased from 49.9 to 72.1% among non-German children, and from 14.4 to 39.1% among German children. Conclusion: Results only partly confirmed our hypothesis. However, since the pre-pandemic prevalences of HAD problems among disadvantaged children were already higher, further deterioration — regardless of its magnitude — has led to their particularly poor situation. For those children, overweight and language development should be priorities of prevention. Generally, important settings for child HAD such as kindergartens or leisure facilities should remain open in future pandemics. What is known:• The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on general child health and development.• Before the pandemic, social inequalities in child health and development were a common phenomenon. What is new:• Children in all social groups experienced a deterioration in their health and development over the course of the pandemic.• Over the course of the pandemic, children from deprived neighbourhoods have demonstrated a particularly high prevalence of overweight. Language problems are particularly prevalent among non-German children.

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“…Specifically dealing with non-transmissible diseases such as coronary heart disease and diabetes, important recommendations point to physical activities' regular practice in order to decrease the incident rates [58]. Besides, after surgical revascularization, remaining high rates of low-density cholesterol and low rates of high-density cholesterol are associated with long-term cardiac death [59].…”

Section: Games and Physical Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspective Chapter: Gamification – Pros and Cons

Carrión¹,

Rosales²

2023

Higher Education - Reflections From the Field - Volume 2

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After the CoVid-19 pandemic lockdown occurred (2020–2021), there have been crucial changes in teaching-learning methodologies, mainly because of the emergency online education format, due to the high demand for online education formats. Long hours of learning in front of a screen besides the stressful environment surrounding the pandemic make it difficult to keep learning motivation high, which shows the need for an urgent change in instructional design. This change includes using interactive and participative methodologies for tackling the anxiety produced by the global health crisis. In this frame, gamification tools have emerged worldwide entailing significant benefits to education. Nevertheless, the overuse of technology can lead to several problems including physiological complications among other things, myopia, diabetes, and coronary disease risk (because of sedentariness) and even addiction. Finally, research proves that an adequate frame around technology use and games inclusion in learning can help diminish or even avoid social problems such as addiction and the resulting concentration problems. Furthermore, in the case of active video gaming, it might be advisable for alleviating sedentary habit-related diseases. Therefore, it is important to reflect on the use of games and its objectives for obtaining the best results from powerful strategic motivators.

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Risks of Digital Screen Time and Recommendations for Mitigating Adverse Outcomes in Children and Adolescents

Cited by 17 publications

References 137 publications

The prevalence of sensory changes in post-COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The prevalence of sensory changes in post-COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Child health and development in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic: are there social inequalities?

Perspective Chapter: Gamification – Pros and Cons

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