Risks of introducing foot and mouth disease through the importation of beef from South America

Astudillo, V.; Sutmöller, P.; Saraiva, V.E.V.; Lopez, Andrea

doi:10.20506/rst.16.1.995

Cited by 16 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The calculated probabilities were in the same order of magnitude as probabilities calculated for the FMD risk of importing deboned beef from vaccinated areas in South America. ( 16,17 )…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The calculated probabilities were in the same order of magnitude as probabilities calculated for the FMD risk of importing deboned beef from vaccinated areas in South America. (16,17) The Netherlands is a major exporter of pork with an annual export of 6.8 × 10 5 tons (18) such that even with these low probabilities, if the vaccinated area was declared free incorrectly, some carcasses could theoretically be exported that were derived from FMD-infected pigs. Given a slaughtered weight of approximately 90 kg per pig, (19) the annual export of pork equals 7.6 million slaughtered pigs.…”

Section: Risk Of Exporting Carcasses Derived From Vaccinated But Infementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Probability of Exporting Infected Carcasses from Vaccinated Pigs Following a Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Epidemic

Vos¹,

Nielen

López

et al. 2010

Risk Analysis

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Emergency vaccination is an effective control strategy for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemics in densely populated livestock areas, but results in a six-month waiting period before exports can be resumed, incurring severe economic consequences for pig exporting countries. In the European Union, a one-month waiting period has been discussed based on negative test results in a final screening. The objective of this study was to analyze the risk of exporting FMD-infected pig carcasses from a vaccinated area: (1) directly after final screening and (2) after a six-month waiting period. A risk model has been developed to estimate the probability that a processed carcass was derived from an FMD-infected pig (P(carc)). Key variables were herd prevalence (P(H)), within-herd prevalence (P(A)), and the probability of detection at slaughter (P(SL)). P(H) and P(A) were estimated using Bayesian inference under the assumption that, despite all negative test results, > or =1 infected pigs were present. Model calculations indicated that P(carc) was on average 2.0 x 10(-5) directly after final screening, and 1.7 x 10(-5) after a six-month waiting period. Therefore, the additional waiting time did not substantially reduce P(carc). The estimated values were worst-case scenarios because only viraemic pigs pose a risk for disease transmission, while seropositive pigs do not. The risk of exporting FMD via pig carcasses from a vaccinated area can further be reduced by heat treatment of pork and/or by excluding high-risk pork products from export.

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“…The calculated probabilities were in the same order of magnitude as probabilities calculated for the FMD risk of importing deboned beef from vaccinated areas in South America. ( 16,17 )…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Risk Of Exporting Carcasses Derived From Vaccinated But Infementioning

confidence: 99%

Probability of Exporting Infected Carcasses from Vaccinated Pigs Following a Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Epidemic

Vos¹,

Nielen

López

et al. 2010

Risk Analysis

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“…(11) The results presented are consistent with the current shift in concerns regarding the causes of United Kingdom's and other developed countries, vulnerability to FMD. The focus on importation of live animals and other movements associated with the livestock industry, germplasm, feed, and livestock lorries, (35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41) has, to some extent, changed emphasizing the role that noncommercial routes have in the introduction of FMD. (42)(43)(44) The systemic model indicates that direct movements from source to farms and through border inspection posts, including trade associated with the livestock industry, pose little influence on system behavior.…”

Section: Opportunities For Reducing the Residual Risk Of Exposure To Fmdmentioning

confidence: 99%

U.K. Foot and Mouth Disease: A Systemic Risk Assessment of Existing Controls

et al. 2016

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This article details a systemic analysis of the controls in place and possible interventions available to further reduce the risk of a foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in the United Kingdom. Using a research-based network analysis tool, we identify vulnerabilities within the multibarrier control system and their corresponding critical control points (CCPs). CCPs represent opportunities for active intervention that produce the greatest improvement to United Kingdom's resilience to future FMD outbreaks. Using an adapted 'features, events, and processes' (FEPs) methodology and network analysis, our results suggest that movements of animals and goods associated with legal activities significantly influence the system's behavior due to their higher frequency and ability to combine and create scenarios of exposure similar in origin to the U.K. FMD outbreaks of 1967/8 and 2001. The systemic risk assessment highlights areas outside of disease control that are relevant to disease spread. Further, it proves to be a powerful tool for demonstrating the need for implementing disease controls that have not previously been part of the system.

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“…Vesicle development is often accompanied by other visible signs such as drooling of saliva, grinding of teeth and lameness. In endemic regions, in cattle that have partial natural or vaccinal immunity, clinical signs may be mild and may be missed (Kitching, 2002). In clinically sick cattle, the likelihood that lesions will be missed is low (Astudillo et al., 1997 a ). However, infected animals in the incubation period present a high risk (Sutmoller, 2001).…”

Section: Qualitative Risk Assessment For Dbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In clinically sick cattle, the likelihood that lesions will be missed is low (Astudillo et al., 1997 a ). However, infected animals in the incubation period present a high risk (Sutmoller, 2001).…”

Section: Qualitative Risk Assessment For Dbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qualitative Assessment of the Commodity Risk for Spread of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Associated with International Trade in Deboned Beef

Paton

Sinclair

Rodríguez

2010

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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The risk of importing foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) restricts trade in livestock and their products from parts of the world where the virus is present. This reduces trade opportunities and investment in the livestock sector of many developing countries and constrains global food supply. This review focuses on the risks associated with trade in deboned beef (DB) from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)-infected cattle, countries or zones. A definition of DB is provided along with a description of the procedures for its preparation within beef slaughtering operations. Evidence is reviewed for circumstances under which DB can be contaminated with FMDV, and a commodity risk factor approach is used to consider the mitigating efficacy of slaughterhouse procedures. A combination of pre-slaughter and slaughterhouse measures has enabled DB to be safely imported into FMD-free countries from countries that were not nationally or zonally FMD-free. Nevertheless, current evidence does not provide absolute assurance that abattoir procedures for producing DB can result, by themselves, in a commodity with a negligible risk of transmitting FMDV without complementary measures to reduce the likelihood of slaughtering infected cattle. The main areas of uncertainty are the amounts of residual FMDV-harbouring tissues within DB, and our understanding of what constitutes a safe level of contamination. More detailed guidance should be developed to specify the mitigating measures needed in support of the export of DB from regions that are not officially FMD-free. This will help to avoid differences in interpretation of what is needed that give rise to obstacles to trade.

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Risks of introducing foot and mouth disease through the importation of beef from South America

Cited by 16 publications

References 7 publications

Probability of Exporting Infected Carcasses from Vaccinated Pigs Following a Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Epidemic

Probability of Exporting Infected Carcasses from Vaccinated Pigs Following a Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Epidemic

U.K. Foot and Mouth Disease: A Systemic Risk Assessment of Existing Controls

Qualitative Assessment of the Commodity Risk for Spread of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Associated with International Trade in Deboned Beef

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