“…Here, attention is focused on the design of continuous adaptive controller such that the dynamics of the tracking error is asymptotically stable. The backstepping technique (Chen & Li, 2008;Chen & Jiao, 2010;Chen, Jiao, Li, & Li, 2010aChen, Li, & Jiao, 2013;Kristic, Kanellakopoulos, & Kokotovic, 1995;Zhang, Xu, & Chu, 2010a, Zhang, Xu, Guo, & Chu, 2010b, Zhang, Xu, & Shen, 2010cZhang, Lu, & Xu, 2012) is used to design the compensation controller, while the Nussbaum gain approach (Chen & Zhang, 2010;Mudgett & Morse, 1985;Nussbaum, 1983;Ryan, 1994;Ye & Jiang, 1998;Zhang, Xu, & Wang, 2011) is employed to deal with the unknown control gain sign. More specially, the novelties of our results are listed as follows:…”