“…By measuring the polarization characteristics of reflected or scattered light, the analysis of surface morphology information becomes possible, leading to extensive applications of polarized light in remote sensing [7,8]. For example, in passive remote sensing, the polarization characteristics of solar spectral lines serve as important carriers for navigation [9,10]; when sunlight interacts with water vapor, ice crystals, dust, sand, smoke, and other substances, polarized light can be generated, proving the physical properties of such materials [11,12]. Furthermore, polarized light plays a significant role in areas including resource exploration, vegetation and soil classification, research on the sea surface, and global atmospheric aerosol studies [5,13].…”