“…Pastor (2000), Pástor (2000), Pástor and Stambaugh (2000)), Bayesian approaches with priors based on economic objectives (Tu and Zhou (2010)), shrinkage approaches (Ledoit and Wolf (2004b)), robust optimization methods (Cornuejols and Tutuncu (2007), Goldfarb and Iyengar (2003), Garlappi, Uppal and Wang (2007), Rustem, Becker and Marty (2000), Tutuncu and Koeing (2004)), Bayesian robust optimization (Wang (2005)), meanvariance timing rules (Kirby and Ostdiek (2012)) and methods based on imposing constraints (Best and Grauer (1992), Jagannathan and Ma (2003), and DeMiguel, Garlappi, Nogales and Uppal (2009)). Kan and Zhou (2007) characterize analytically the utility loss of a mean-variance investor who suffers from parameter uncertainty.…”