Rola układu immunologicznego oraz udział cytokin w patomechanizmie autoimmunologicznej choroby tarczycy (AITD)

Abstract

Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most common organ-specific autoimmune disorder. AITD development occurs due to loss of immune tolerance and reactivity to thyroid autoantigens: thyroid peroxidase (TPO), thyroglobulin (TG) and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). This leads to infiltration of the gland by T cells and B cells that produce antibodies specific for clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease (GD) and chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (cAIT). In addition, T cells in Hashimoto's thyroiditis induce apoptosis in thyroid follicular cells, leading ultimately to the destruction of the gland. Cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid diseases working in both the immune system and directly targeting the thyroid follicular cells. They are involved in the induction and effector phase of the immune response and inflammation, playing a key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease. The presence of multiple cytokines has been demonstrated: IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4 , IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14, TNF-a and IFN-g within the inflammatory cells and thyroid follicular cells. Finally, cytokines derived from T cells can directly damage thyroid cells, leading to functional disorders and may also stimulate the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG), thus increasing the inflammatory response in AITD. Immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AITD are strongly related to each other, but differences in the image of cAIT and GD phenotype are possibly due to a different type of immune response observed in these two counteracting clinical thyroid diseases. This article describes the potential role of cytokines and immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AITD. (Endokrynol Pol 2014; 65 (2): 150-155)

The Emerging Role of Epigenetics in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases

“…Both GD and HT are characterized by lymphocytic infiltration in the thyroid tissues, and T cells and B cells can infiltrate into the thyroid gland during the development AITD (17, 20–22). Autoantibodies and B cell dysfunction are thought to be the primary immune reactions in AITD, and aberrant functions of T cell subsets also exert important roles in breaking the immune homeostasis and causing autoimmunity against thyroid tissues (17, 20–22) (Figure 1).…”

“…Autoantibodies and B cell dysfunction are thought to be the primary immune reactions in AITD, and aberrant functions of T cell subsets also exert important roles in breaking the immune homeostasis and causing autoimmunity against thyroid tissues (17, 20–22) (Figure 1). Besides, T cells may amplify autoimmunity against thyroid by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines, promoting B cells to generate more autoantibodies, and maintaining the number of autoreactive memory T cells against thyroid tissues (17, 20, 21, 23). In GD, the CD4+ T helper (Th) cells are important in the onset of the disease, and the roles of Th1 and Th2 in the development of AITD have also long been recognized in previous studies (24–27).…”

Tiroidektomize Ratlarda Serum IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 ve TNF-α Seviyeleri

“…Pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines which produced by Th1 (IL-1β, TNF-α) and Th2 (IL-6, IL-10) cells have crucial role in protecting against the autoimmune thyroid disease [4,12] . Furthermore, now it is well known that IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α could play central role in the pathogenesis of non thyroidal illness (NTI) syndrome by acting on hypothalamus pituitary-thyroid axis [13] .…”

“…Hypothyroidism have described as absence or lacking of thyroid hormones which could cause of abnormalities on metabolic and immunological functions. Cytokines play pivotal role in autoimmune thyroid disorders namely as Graves' disease or Hashimoto's thyroiditis [4] . Various models have been widely used as congenital hypothyroid animals due to thyroid gland dysgenesis or thyroid dyshormonogenesis, thyroid hormone receptor (TR) gene mutated animals, and thyroid hormone transport or metabolism modified animals for enhancing knowledge and clarify the thyroid hormone action [5] .…”

Autoimmune Diseases and Thyroid Dysfunction in Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…Для АЗЩЖ характерен также дефект В-клеточной толерантности и, как следствие, синтез аутоантител, в первую очередь органоспецифических, включая антите-ла к тиреоглобулину (аТГ), к тиреопероксидазе (аТПО), к рецепторам тиреотропного гормона (аТТГ) [17]. Однако нередко в крови больных АЗЩЖ обнаруживаются и дру-гие антитела, в том числе РФ, антинуклеарный фактор, антитела к Ro [18][19][20].…”