Role of Adiponectin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in the Pathogenesis and Evolution of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complex condition caused by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by autoimmune mechanisms. As a result, insulin deficiency and subsequent hyperglycemia occur. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the development of T1DM. The study is designed as an observational case-control study, involving 52 diabetic patients and 66 controls. Z scores for Body Mass Index (BMI), weight, height, and adiponectin and TNF-α serum levels were assessed in both groups. The T1DM group had significantly higher TNF-α levels and a significantly higher proportion of high-risk patients for inflammation based on TNF-α values as compared to the control group, while both groups had statistically similar adiponectin levels and a similar proportion of high/medium-risk patients based on adiponectin values. TNF-α plays a significant role in the pathogenesis and evolution of T1DM and it may represent an additional marker of disease progression, as well as a potential target of immunotherapeutic strategies. In the present study, no statistically significant differences were recorded in adiponectin levels neither in diabetic patients and controls, nor in high/medium severity risk diabetic patients.

Association of Polymorphisms within HOX Transcript Antisense RNA (HOTAIR) with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Laboratory Characteristics: A Preliminary Case-Control Study

“…Moreover, HOTAIR expression was found to be markedly increased following tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene (TNFA) stimulation [ 56 ]. TNFA contributes to the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory diseases as well as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children and adolescents [ 57 , 58 ]. Irregularity in GSK-3 β gives rise to diabetic encephalopathy [ 59 ], diabetic cardiomyopathy [ 60 ], maternal type 1 diabetes [ 61 ], T1DM [ 62 ], and other types of diabetes [ 63 ].…”

Association between Pediatric Adenovirus Infection and Type 1 Diabetes

“…In our study, adiponectin was positively correlated with C-peptide. The predicted adiponectin concentrations at 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months of T1D follow-up, respectively, were associated with distinct progression patterns of T1D after the establishment of diagnosis [ 29 ]. High adiponectin levels were found to be correlated with poor diabetes control, while dyslipidemia, lower concentrations of adiponectin, and higher levels of inflammatory and endothelial biomarkers were correlated with obesity [ 29 ].…”

“…The predicted adiponectin concentrations at 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months of T1D follow-up, respectively, were associated with distinct progression patterns of T1D after the establishment of diagnosis [ 29 ]. High adiponectin levels were found to be correlated with poor diabetes control, while dyslipidemia, lower concentrations of adiponectin, and higher levels of inflammatory and endothelial biomarkers were correlated with obesity [ 29 ]. Natural AdV36 infections were correlated with obesity and metabolic disorders in children and adults of different ethnic groups and populations in different countries [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”

Diabetic kidney disease in pediatric patients: A current review

“…In a recent study, 11.5% of Romanian children with T1DM had DKD, manifested as transitory microalbuminuria (7.7%) and incipient diabetic nephropathy (3.8%)[ 39 ]. In another research study, T1DM patients were found to have microalbuminuria in 30% of cases, representing the most common microvascular complication.…”