Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complex condition caused by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by autoimmune mechanisms. As a result, insulin deficiency and subsequent hyperglycemia occur. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the development of T1DM. The study is designed as an observational case-control study, involving 52 diabetic patients and 66 controls. Z scores for Body Mass Index (BMI), weight, height, and adiponectin and TNF-α serum levels were assessed in both groups. The T1DM group had significantly higher TNF-α levels and a significantly higher proportion of high-risk patients for inflammation based on TNF-α values as compared to the control group, while both groups had statistically similar adiponectin levels and a similar proportion of high/medium-risk patients based on adiponectin values. TNF-α plays a significant role in the pathogenesis and evolution of T1DM and it may represent an additional marker of disease progression, as well as a potential target of immunotherapeutic strategies. In the present study, no statistically significant differences were recorded in adiponectin levels neither in diabetic patients and controls, nor in high/medium severity risk diabetic patients.

Diagnosis of Kawasaki disease (KD) is based on well-established clinical criteria. In incomplete or atypical KD, the diagnosis is challenging, because of the paucity of clinical signs or because of the presence of clinical manifestations that generally are not seen in KD. We describe the case of a 3-year-old female patient with persistent high fever, vomiting, watery diarrhea, metabolic acidosis and severe hypopotassemia. On the fourth day of fever, bilateral conjunctivitis, mucous and extremity changes were registered. Urine changes as glycosuria and proteinuria were also noticed. Echocardiography revealed ectasia of the left anterior descending coronary artery, and diagnosis of KD was established. The treatment consisted of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and oral aspirin. Recurrence of disease was recorded on the 23rd day of the disease, with favorable evolution after the second dose of IVIG was infused.

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is an important cause of chronic malnutrition, secondary to maldigestion-malabsorption, which can be caused in children especially by cystic fibrosis, but also by other much rarer diseases. The case of a 6 months and 3 weeks old male pediatric patient is reported, who was admitted to the clinic for head and forearms bruising. Laboratory findings identified vitamin K deficiency as the cause of the cutaneous hemorrhagic syndrome. Further investigations revealed association of steatorrhea (which is a marker of fat malabsorption), iron-deficiency anemia and hypovitaminosis D, which had been produced by nutritional deficiencies caused by malabsorption syndrome. From the numerous disorders that could be associated with pancreatic insufficiency in children, the following conditions had been excluded: cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis), cow`s milk protein intolerance, gluten-sensitive enteropathy (coeliac disease), Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, etc. Based upon decreased levels of stool pancreatic elastase in repeated measurements, together with low serum lipase, the final diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency was established. Treatment of this case consisted mainly in pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, but also oral iron supplementation and dietary supplements with fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). The outcome was favorable, characterized by normalization of intestinal passage, ascending growth curve and normalization of the majority of laboratory tests values that were modified between the time of patient admission to our clinic and initiation of specific therapy (serum level of vitamin K, vitamin D and lipase, coagulation profile, hemoglobin and red blood cell indexes), as well as higher value of fecal pancreatic elastase.