“…Far beyond an exclusive neuroendocrine role, CRF, which is widely distributed outside of the hypothalamus (De Souza and Grigoriadis, 2002), also acts as a neurotransmitter/ neuromodulator to coordinate the behavioral, autonomic, immune, and visceral efferent limbs of the stress response (Bale and Vale, 2004; Caso et al, 2008; Friedman and Irwin, 1995; Taché et al, 2001). For instance brain CRF activates the sympathetic nervous system inducing the systemic release of catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) involved in the ”fight or flight” response (Tsatsanis et al, 2007; Usui et al, 2009; Yorimitsu et al, 2008). The locus coeruleus is also activated and its noradrenergic projections to the forebrain provide an additional source of noradrenaline which contributes to the arousal and alertness (Valentino et al, 1993).…”