Role of different valence states of chromium in the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis

Iyer, V. J.; Banerjee, Gautam; Govindram, C. B.; Kamath, Venkatesh B; Shinde, Santosh; Gaikwad, Amol; Jerajani, Hemangi; Raman, G.; Cherian, K M

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.470608.x

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The IARC classified Cr(VI) compounds as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) while metallic Cr and Cr(III) compounds were not classifiable as human carcinogens due to inadequate evidence in humans (Group 3) (IARC, 1990). Both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) oxidation states can act as potential haptens in the development of contact allergy (Iyer et al, 2002;Thyssen et al, 2007). Skin contact with certain Cr compounds can cause skin ulcers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety evaluation of metal exposure from commonly used moisturizing and skin-lightening creams in Nigeria

Iwegbue

Bassey

Tesi

et al. 2015

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety evaluation of metal exposure from commonly used moisturizing and skin-lightening creams in Nigeria

Iwegbue

Bassey

Tesi

et al. 2015

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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“…It has been suggested that chronic exposure to Cr(VI) can lead to hypersensitivity reactions including contact dermatitis and allergic/asthma-like responses (World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1990;Shrivastava et al ., 2002;Hansen et al ., 2003;Iyer et al ., 2002). Thus far, we have not observed signs of eosinophilia or mast cells, which are characteristics of classic extrinsic asthmatic responses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung injury, inflammation and Akt signaling following inhalation of particulate hexavalent chromium

Beaver

Stemmy

Constant

et al. 2009

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

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Certain particulate hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compounds are human respiratory carcinogens that release genotoxic soluble chromate, and are associated with fibrosis, fibrosarcomas, adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the lung. We postulate that inflammatory processes and mediators may contribute to the etiology of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis, however the immediate (0–24 hours) pathologic injury and immune responses after exposure to particulate chromates have not been adequately investigated. Our aim was to determine the nature of the lung injury, inflammatory response, and survival signaling responses following intranasal exposure of BALB/c mice to particulate basic zinc chromate. Factors associated with lung injury, inflammation and survival signaling were measured in airway lavage fluid and in lung tissue. A single chromate exposure induced an acute immune response in the lung, characterized by a rapid and significant increase in IL-6 and GRO-α levels, an influx of neutrophils, and a decline in macrophages in lung airways. Histological examination of lung tissue in animals challenged with a single chromate exposure revealed an increase in bronchiolar cell apoptosis and mucosal injury. Furthermore, chromate exposure induced injury and inflammation that progressed to alveolar and interstitial pneumonitis. Finally, a single Cr(VI) challenge resulted in a rapid and persistent increase in the number of airways immunoreactive for phosphorylation of the survival signaling protein Akt, on serine 473. These data illustrate that chromate induces both survival signaling and an inflammatory response in the lung, which we postulate may contribute to early oncogenesis.

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“…We calculate the anticipated consumer exposure and compare it with the acceptable dermal exposure for induction and elicitation of ACD to Cr. Note that it is assumed that all Cr is present as Cr 6+ , which is the form of Cr known to be associated most strongly with skin sensitization (30).…”

Section: Risk Assessment – Inductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel, chromium and cobalt in consumer products: revisiting safe levels in the new millennium

Basketter

Angelini

Ingber³

et al. 2003

Contact Dermatitis

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The transition metals nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co) are common causes of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Given the high frequency with which these allergens can be associated with hand eczema in those responsible for domestic work, it has been suggested that contamination of household consumer products with these metals may be of relevance to the causation/chronicity of hand dermatitis. Dose-response studies using 48 h occlusive patch test conditions in sensitized individuals show that !90% of sensitized patients fail to react below 1 p.p.m., even on irritated skin. Assessment under more realistic exposure conditions has shown that in the presence of irritants and/ or following repeated exposures, such individuals rarely react to levels below 10 p.p.m. On the basis of this information, it was recommended a decade ago that household (and other consumer) products should not contain more than 5 p.p.m. of each of Ni, Cr or Co and that, for an even greater degree of protection, the ultimate target level should be 1 p.p.m. The data generated since the original recommendations were made serve to reinforce the validity of these recommendations. Indeed, it is our view that typically the level of each of these transition metals should not normally exceed 1 p.p.m. Then, where consumer products meet this guideline fully, modern quantitative risk assessment shows clearly that elicitation of ACD is highly improbable, and the chance of the induction of sensitization is even lower. Some 10 years ago, the possibility that traces of the allergenic transition metals, nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co), present as contaminants in household products might give rise to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) was raised (1, 2) and then extensively reviewed (3). At that time, it was concluded that the risk of the induction of sensitization was negligible and the risk of elicitation in presensitized individuals was acceptably low, as long as the level of contamination was kept to very low levels: 'It is recommended that, for consumer products, current good practice which ensures Ni, Co and Cr contamination is less than 5 p.p.m. of each metal is an acceptable standard. To minimize the risk for very sensitive individuals (4), and when and where standardized analytical techniques permit, it is recommended that the ultimate target should be not more than 1 p.p.m. of each metal in consumer products.'Since that publication, several new pieces of information have become available. Firstly, an interlaboratory study in Italy of housewives' eczema showed no relationship of this disease to transition metal allergy (5, 6). In addition, new dose-response data which aid our understanding of elicitation thresholds in sensitized individuals have been published and have further information on the levels of product contamination with additional commentary on the possibility that trace levels of Ni, Cr and Co might play a role in ACD (and in particular in the chronicity of some hand eczemas) has been presented. Finally, now there are sop...

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Role of different valence states of chromium in the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis

Cited by 24 publications

References 9 publications

Safety evaluation of metal exposure from commonly used moisturizing and skin-lightening creams in Nigeria

Safety evaluation of metal exposure from commonly used moisturizing and skin-lightening creams in Nigeria

Lung injury, inflammation and Akt signaling following inhalation of particulate hexavalent chromium

Nickel, chromium and cobalt in consumer products: revisiting safe levels in the new millennium

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