“…At present, ECMF assisted phytoremediation of HM contaminated soil has been shown to be an efficient and clean remediation method, and has increasingly been used for remediation of HM contaminated soil ( Colpaert et al., 2011 ; Sousa et al., 2011 ; Heinonsalo et al., 2015 ; Chot and Reddy, 2022 ; Oladoye et al., 2022 ). However, previous studies have shown that not all fungal species were able to effectively maintain the adaptability of host plants under HM stress ( Kushwaha et al., 2015 ; Ayangbenro and Babalola, 2017 ; Chot and Reddy, 2022 ).It is interesting that most studies have explored the impact of mycorrhizal fungi on host plant metal tolerance mainly through the study of tolerant strains ( Adriaensen et al., 2006 ; Colpaert et al., 2011 ; Ma et al., 2014 ; Heinonsalo et al., 2015 ), while strains without or little tolerance to HMs tolerance have received little attention. For example, tolerant ecotypes may act as a better filter than non-tolerant ecotypes because the former more strongly prevent metals to transfer to their host ( Colpaert et al., 2011 ).…”