Role of enzymes and identification of stage-specific proteins in developing somatic embryos of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Abstract

Accumulation of proline, activities of peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were studied during different developmental stages of somatic embryos in chickpea. Callus cultures that did not form somatic embryos served as control. While increased levels of proline and POX activity were noticed in globular stages of embryos, CAT activity increased during early and late heart-shaped embryo formation indicating tissue-specific activation of these enzymes. The activity of PAL reached a peak during torpedo and cotyledonary stages of embryo development. On the other hand, MDH activity enhanced during the germination of somatic embryos inferring more requirement of energy during this stage. Electrophoretic (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) pattern of proteins revealed that ten bands are associated with non-embryogenic tissues, whereas 11 bands with globular, heart, torpedo and cotyledonary stages of embryo development and nine bands during the germination stage of embryos. Two extra stage-specific protein bands with molecular masses of 16 and 18 kDa appeared during globular, heart, torpedo, and cotyledonary stages.But, these bands disappeared during germination of embryos and are absent in non-embryogenic cultures. This study thus may help in the identification of proteins and the role of above enzymes during different developmental stages of somatic embryo induction and their maturation in a recalcitrant leguminous crop plant chickpea.

Chemical Compositions, Somatic Embryogenesis, and Somaclonal Variation in Cumin

“…It should be mentioned that increased somatic embryogenesis through proteins and amino acids is due to the fact that the compositions easily supply the source of nitrogen for the cell growth [35]. Proline plays an important role in somatic embryogenesis and stress conditions in plants [62]. For example, studies have shown that the proline-rich protein is required in the cell wall of Arabidopsis for correctly placing cell plate during cytokinesis process for embryos development.…”

In Vitro Somatic Embryogenesis in Some Oil Yielding Tropical Tree Species

“…Free proline was suggested to act as an osmoticum, a nitrogen storage pool and source of NADP + , necessary for rapidly growing embryos. The mediation of the cellular redox potential that resulted from proline accumulation likely had a significant effect on the flux through redox-sensitive biochemical pathways like the pentose phosphate pathway [21].…”

Genetic diversity of gliadin-coding alleles in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Northern Kazakhstan

“…Nevertheless, molecular markers are relatively expensive in the equipment and reagents required, in typically well-established molecular laboratories. In contrast, biochemical markers based on proteins such as enzymes and storage proteins offer an alternative method involving cheaper and simpler protocols for crop breeding including wheat (Shewry & Halford, 2001; Ghanti et al, 2009; Al-Doss et al, 2010; Netsvetaev, Akinshina & Bondarenko, 2010; Hailegiorgis, Lee & Yun, 2017). Additionally, protein synthesis is encoded by genes, and modulation of gene expression in response to changes in the environment directly results in different levels of the corresponding proteins.…”