Role of Epigenetics in the Regulation of Immune Functions of the Skin

Nakamura

2021

IJMS

Self Cite

After Evans and colleagues identified the lipomatous tumor with a well-differentiated liposarcoma in a subcutaneous location or within a muscle layer, namely, atypical lipomatous tumor (ALT), this malignancy has been investigated to clarify the characteristics of clinical behavior and genomic changes. As one of the important issues for clinicians, it is a hot topic of how to distinguish ALT from benign lipoma in the clinical aspect. Recent studies revealed novel findings to clarify the risk factor for the diagnosis of ALT and molecular targets for the treatment of ALT. Clinical characteristics of superficial-type ALT well reflect the subcutaneous location of the tumor and are slightly different compared to deep-type ALT, such as tumor size. In addition, there has been a recent discovery of novel findings in ALT-related genes, namely, HMG2A (high mobility group protein 2a), YEATS4 (YEATS domain containing 4), and CPM (Carboxypeptidase M). Recent updates on treatment for advanced ALT are well developed including immunotherapy and conducting clinical trials. Finally, this review introduces one of the hot topics of ALT research focused on epigenetic changes: their attention in recent updates on clinical characteristics and the novel discovery of related genes, treatment, and epigenetic modifications in atypical lipomatous tumors.

Section: Epigenetic Modification In Liposarcomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advancement in Atypical Lipomatous Tumor Research

Mashima

Nakamura

2021

IJMS

Self Cite

“…In addition, short-chain fatty acids are produced from a dependent product of dietary fiber by specific microbes under fermentation conditions in the colon. Short-chain fatty acids can change the chromatin structure using histone modification, which can regulate gene expression without changing the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence itself, and create open chromatin sites in specific genes, leading to enhanced gene expression [ 8 ].…”

Section: Daily Lifestyle and Inflammatory Skin Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The skin is the outermost organ in the human body and is exposed to various environmental factors [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. These factors influence the homeostasis of physiological skin function and sometimes induce an inflammatory response in the skin for appropriate adaptation to external environmental stimuli [ 8 ]. For instance, psoriasis is a representative inflammatory disease in the dermatology field, and daily lifestyle is well understood to exacerbate or regulate cutaneous inflammation [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Daily Lifestyle and Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Saito‐Sasaki

Mashima

et al. 2021

IJMS

Self Cite

Throughout life, it is necessary to adapt to the Earth’s environment in order to survive. A typical example of this is that the daily Earth cycle is different from the circadian rhythm in human beings; however, the ability to adapt to the Earth cycle has contributed to the development of human evolution. In addition, humans can consume and digest Earth-derived foods and use luxury materials for nutrition and enrichment of their lives, as an adaptation to the Earth’s environment. Recent studies have shown that daily lifestyles are closely related to human health; however, less attention has been paid to the fact that obesity due to excessive energy intake, smoking, and alcohol consumption contributes to the development of inflammatory skin diseases. Gluten or wheat protein, smoking and alcohol, sleep disturbance, and obesity drive the helper T (Th)1/Th2/Th17 immune response, whereas dietary fiber and omega-3 fatty acids negatively regulate inflammatory cytokine production. In this review, we have focused on daily lifestyles and the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases.

“…However, no significant association is observed between furocoumarins consumption and the risks of melanoma [ 118 ]. Dietary fiber-derived short-chain fatty acids are produced from bacteria under anaerobic conditions and have various bioactive actions against immune cells and epithelial cells [ 2 ]. Dietary fiber-derived short-chain fatty acid butyrate promotes melanoma cell invasion by the induction of Annexin A1 (ANXA1), which negatively regulated E-cadherin expression in an in vitro experiment [ 119 ].…”

Section: The Daily Lifestyle Associated With the Cutaneous Malignanciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human beings are constantly exposed to various environmental stimuli and have developed their ability to adapt to these external factors, such as circadian rhythm, food intake, ultraviolet light, and microorganisms [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Among these environmental factors on Earth, daily lifestyle is a fundamental part of human life and influences human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Daily Lifestyle and Cutaneous Malignancies

Nakamura

2021

IJMS

Self Cite

Daily lifestyle is a fundamental part of human life and its influence accumulates daily in the human body. We observe that a good daily lifestyle has a beneficial impact on our health; however, the actual effects of individual daily lifestyle factors on human skin diseases, especially skin cancers, have not been summarized. In this review, we focused on the influence of daily lifestyle on the development of skin cancer and described the detailed molecular mechanisms of the development or regulation of cutaneous malignancies. Several daily lifestyle factors, such as circadian rhythm disruption, smoking, alcohol, fatty acids, dietary fiber, obesity, and ultraviolet light, are known to be associated with the risk of cutaneous malignancies, malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma. Although the influence of some daily lifestyles on the risk of skin cancers is controversial, this review provides us a better understanding of the relationship between daily lifestyle factors and skin cancers.