In order to find out the role of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) on the initiation of sperm motility in the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica , interactions were investigated between NaHCO 3 and various reagents (K + channel blocker 4-aminopyridine [4-AP], ammonium chloride [NH 4 Cl], sodium acetate and calcium chloride [CaCl 2 ]) that could regulate internal factors (intracellular K + , intracellular pH [[pH] i ] and intracellular Ca 2 + ) in sperm motility. Contradictory effects of NaHCO 3 were observed (i.e. an inhibitory effect when 4-AP was absent and a promoting effect when 4-AP was present). Sodium bicarbonate inhibited the initiation of sperm motility in the Japanese eel. However, NaHCO 3 restored the motility of immotile sperm that 4-AP inhibited. The inhibitory effect of NaHCO 3 disappeared with the addition of NH 4 Cl, which raised [pH] i , but the promoting effect was not affected by [pH] i . Although NaHCO 3 recovered motility in the presence of 4-AP, this recovery was also observed with the addition of CaCl 2 instead of NaHCO 3 . In the initiation of sperm motility in the Japanese eel, two roles for NaHCO 3 are suggested: an inhibitory role relating to the regulation of [pH] i and a promoting role relating to the uptake of another initiation factor, which could be Ca 2 + .