Role of Melatonin on Virus-Induced Neuropathogenesis—A Concomitant Therapeutic Strategy to Understand SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Wongchitrat, Prapimpun; Shukla, Mayuri; Sharma, Ramaswamy; Govitrapong, Piyarat; Reíter, Russel J.

doi:10.3390/antiox10010047

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 216 publications

(269 reference statements)

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“…These include polyphenols, lipid extracts, and tomato-based nutraceuticals, all of which have been suggested for the potential prevention of cardiovascular complications of COVID-19, such as thrombosis (32,69). Melatonin is another supplement that has been identified as a potential antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2 by computational methods (235), and it has also been highlighted as a potential therapeutic agent for COVID-19 due to its documented antioxidant, antiapoptotic, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects (69,236,237). Notably, melatonin, vitamin D, and zinc have attracted public attention because they were included in the treatment plan of the former president of the United States upon his hospitalization due to COVID-19 (238).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals under Investigation for COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment

2021

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused global disruption and a significant loss of life. Existing treatments that can be repurposed as prophylactic and therapeutic agents may reduce the pandemic’s devastation. Emerging evidence of potential applications in other therapeutic contexts has led to the investigation of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals for COVID-19. Such products include vitamin C, vitamin D, omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics, and zinc, all of which are currently under clinical investigation. In this review, we critically appraise the evidence surrounding dietary supplements and nutraceuticals for the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. Overall, further study is required before evidence-based recommendations can be formulated, but nutritional status plays a significant role in patient outcomes, and these products may help alleviate deficiencies. For example, evidence indicates that vitamin D deficiency may be associated with a greater incidence of infection and severity of COVID-19, suggesting that vitamin D supplementation may hold prophylactic or therapeutic value. A growing number of scientific organizations are now considering recommending vitamin D supplementation to those at high risk of COVID-19. Because research in vitamin D and other nutraceuticals and supplements is preliminary, here we evaluate the extent to which these nutraceutical and dietary supplements hold potential in the COVID-19 crisis. IMPORTANCE Sales of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals have increased during the pandemic due to their perceived “immune-boosting” effects. However, little is known about the efficacy of these dietary supplements and nutraceuticals against the novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) or the disease that it causes, CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review provides a critical overview of the potential prophylactic and therapeutic value of various dietary supplements and nutraceuticals from the evidence available to date. These include vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc, which are often perceived by the public as treating respiratory infections or supporting immune health. Consumers need to be aware of misinformation and false promises surrounding some supplements, which may be subject to limited regulation by authorities. However, considerably more research is required to determine whether dietary supplements and nutraceuticals exhibit prophylactic and therapeutic value against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. This review provides perspective on which nutraceuticals and supplements are involved in biological processes that are relevant to recovery from or prevention of COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals under Investigation for COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment

2021

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“…Other antioxidant compounds that have been proposed as potential adjuvants in COVID-19 are zinc [ 260 ], selenium [ 261 ], melatonin [ 262 ], curcumin [ 263 ], N-acetylcystein [ 264 , 265 ], GC4419, a SOD mimetic [ 266 ], colchicine [ 267 ], α-lipoic acid [ 268 ], glutathione [ 269 ], broccoli or glucoraphanin capsules [ 270 ], dypiridamole [ 271 ], cannabidiol [ 272 ], combinations of vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 [ 273 ], and diammonium glycyrrhizinate with vitamin C [ 274 ].…”

Section: Antioxidants As Neuroprotectors In Patients Infected With Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies in animal models demonstrate its impact in the reduction of NO and malondyaldehyde (MDA) levels as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity and apoptotic cell death during viral infections. Meningitis/encephalitis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, and hypoxic ischemia/stroke associated with SARS-CoV-2 are proposed to be treated with adequate levels of melatonin [ 262 ]. Cardinali and coworkers also propose the use of melatonin as an adjuvant for anti-SARS-CoV-2 infection treatment; the authors report that it can improve the cognitive decay observed in COVID-19 patients and during vaccination it could increase IgG antibody response and the number of CD8+ T cells [ 275 ].…”

Section: Antioxidants As Neuroprotectors In Patients Infected With Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Antioxidants for the Neuro-Therapeutic Management of COVID-19

et al. 2021

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an emergent infectious disease that has caused millions of deaths throughout the world. COVID-19 infection’s main symptoms are fever, cough, fatigue, and neurological manifestations such as headache, myalgias, anosmia, ageusia, impaired consciousness, seizures, and even neuromuscular junctions’ disorders. In addition, it is known that this disease causes a series of systemic complications such as adverse respiratory distress syndrome, cardiac injury, acute kidney injury, and liver dysfunction. Due to the neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19, damage in the central nervous system has been suggested as well as the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2. It is known that CoV infections are associated with an inflammation process related to the imbalance of the antioxidant system; cellular changes caused by oxidative stress contribute to brain tissue damage. Although anti-COVID-19 vaccines are under development, there is no specific treatment for COVID-19 and its clinical manifestations and complications; only supportive treatments with immunomodulators, anti-vascular endothelial growth factors, modulating drugs, statins, or nutritional supplements have been used. In the present work, we analyzed the potential of antioxidants as adjuvants for the treatment of COVID-19 and specifically their possible role in preventing or decreasing the neurological manifestations and neurological complications present in the disease.

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“…As mentioned above, melatonin is an endogenous non-patentable molecule; thus, clinical trials do not expect to obtain great economic benefits; indeed, most of the clinical trials developed are public-funded [69]. To date, there is a relevant lack of clinical trials concerning melatonin s therapeutic effects versus SARS-CoV-2's directly or indirectly related pathologies [77,78]. Clinical trials are mandatory to confirm the preclinical efficacy and safety observed [79].…”

Section: Melatonin and Health: A Brief Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Key Emphasis on Melatonin Safety and Therapeutic Efficacy

et al. 2021

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Viral infections constitute a tectonic convulsion in the normophysiology of the hosts. The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is not an exception, and therefore the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, like any other invading microbe, enacts a generalized immune response once the virus contacts the body. Melatonin is a systemic dealer that does not overlook any homeostasis disturbance, which consequently brings into play its cooperative triad, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulant backbone, to stop the infective cycle of SARS-CoV-2 or any other endogenous or exogenous threat. In COVID-19, the corporal propagation of SARS-CoV-2 involves an exacerbated oxidative activity and therefore the overproduction of great amounts of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). The endorsement of melatonin as a possible protective agent against the current pandemic is indirectly supported by its widely demonstrated beneficial role in preclinical and clinical studies of other respiratory diseases. In addition, focusing the therapeutic action on strengthening the host protection responses in critical phases of the infective cycle makes it likely that multi-tasking melatonin will provide multi-protection, maintaining its efficacy against the virus variants that are already emerging and will emerge as long as SARS-CoV-2 continues to circulate among us.

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Role of Melatonin on Virus-Induced Neuropathogenesis—A Concomitant Therapeutic Strategy to Understand SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Cited by 28 publications

References 216 publications

Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals under Investigation for COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment

Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals under Investigation for COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment

Use of Antioxidants for the Neuro-Therapeutic Management of COVID-19

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Key Emphasis on Melatonin Safety and Therapeutic Efficacy

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